“…Similar objectives were pursued by Bordoloi and Beach [151] who, unlike the previous work, used optimization models encompassing the entire patient journey within the ED. Single OR-based approaches are also extensively used in Ajmi et al [83], Derni et al [87], Leo et al [153], Meng et al [152], Nezamoddini and Khasawneh [154], and Oueida et al [96]. Other non-hybrid methods that have been employed for tackling this ED deficiency are as follows: REACT [91], pivot nursing [92], process redesign [94,156], regression [157,158], nurse navigator [160], Iowa model of evidence-based practice [161], CQI [81,155], and ED dashboard/reporting [98].…”