Age Differences in Response Speed as a Function of Controlled Variations of Stimulus Conditions: Evidence of a General Speed Factor

Birren, James E.; Riegel, Klaus F.; Morrison, Donald F.

doi:10.1159/000211102

Cited by 61 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…However, there were highly significant main effects of age on RTs both for nontarget, F(l, 254) = 25.0, p < .001, and target trials, /(254) = 3.11, p = .002. This finding is consistent with the wealth of literature suggesting a generalized pattern of age-related slowing in RT (Birren, Riegel, & Morrison, 1962;Cerella, 1985;Myerson & Hale, 1993;Salthouse, 1996). Nontarget effects were examined more specifically through an analysis including nontarget trial type (Ay, BX, BY) as The effect of nontarget trial type was found to strongly interact with the pattern of age-related slowing in RT, F(2, 508) = 41.8, p < .001 (see Figure 5B).…”

Section: Baseline Conditionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Context processing in older adults: Evidence for a theory relating cognitive control to neurobiology in healthy aging.

Braver

Deanna²,

Keys³

et al. 2001

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General

425

440

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A theory of cognitive aging is presented in which healthy older adults are hypothesized to suffer from disturbances in the processing of context that impair cognitive control function across multiple domains, including attention, inhibition, and working memory. These cognitive disturbances are postulated to be directly related to age-related decline in the function of the dopamine (DA) system in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). A connectionist computational model is described that implements specific mechanisms for the role of DA and PFC in context processing. The behavioral predictions of the model were tested in a large sample of older (N = 81) and young (N = 175) adults performing variants of a simple cognitive control task that placed differential demands on context processing. Older adults exhibited both performance decrements and, counterintuitively, performance improvements that are in close agreement with model predictions.There are a number of cognitive and biological changes that appear to occur during healthy aging. At the cognitive level, these changes include declines in functions such as episodic and working memory, attention, and inhibition (e.g

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Section: Baseline Conditionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Context processing in older adults: Evidence for a theory relating cognitive control to neurobiology in healthy aging.

Braver

Deanna²,

Keys³

et al. 2001

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General

425

440

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Older people may suffer some loss in working memory (Salthouse 1985(Salthouse ,1991Wingfield et al 1988) and appear to be generally slower at a number of tasks, including information processing (Birren et al 1962;Salthouse 1985;Cole and Balasubramanian 1993). On tine other hand, information stored in longterm memory seems to stay relatively stable or even increase with age (Baltes 1987).…”

Section: Agementioning

confidence: 99%

Do demographics have an impact on country of origin effects?

Schaefer

1997

Journal of Marketing Management

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The article discusses the potential impact of consumers' age, socioeconomic group, and sex on the magnitude of country of origin effects for lager and sparkling wine and presents the results of an empirical study into the subject. It is found that older consumers show stronger country of origin effects, which may be due to a generally stronger reliance of older people on broader mental categories, in order to compensate for a decrease in working memory. Socio-economic groups AB are found to show stronger country of origin effects for sparkling wine, whereas socio-economic groups C1C2 show stronger country of origin effects for lager. This may be related to relative differences in consumption patterns and expertise for the studied products between the two groups. Sex is not found to have any impact on the magnitude of country of origin effects in this study.

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“…A recent theory (Sharps, 1997a) has sought to explain these phenomena within the framework of the generalized cognitive slowing characteristic of the aging process (Birren et al, 1962;Cerella, 1990). Briefly, this theory holds that such slowing is largely random with reference to specific brain structures and functions, depending as it does upon accidental disruptions of links within the brain itself (Cerella, 1990).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Relational frameworks for recall in young and older adults

Sharps

Martin²,

Nunes³

et al. 1999

Curr Psychol

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Recent research indicates the presence of an age-related visual processing deficit, for which the elderly may attempt to compensate through the use of relational information. This hypothesis was tested, using the category superiority effect as a model system. In studies of young adults, the category superiority effect has been shown to be confined to relatively abstract stimulus materials, such as verbal items, and to be absent for pictures. However, it was predicted that a category superiority effect would be present in elderly adults both for verbal and for pictorial stimuli, since the elderly would be expected to utilize category information to compensate for imageric deficits. This prediction was confirmed, consistent with the hypothesis advanced above. It was further suggested that the establishment of a prior framework for recall, based on relational information, would reduce this effect significantly. This prediction was also confirmed.Recent research indicates the presence of an age-related diminution in the ability to process pictorial information (Sharps and Gollin, 1987a;Sharps, 1990Sharps, , 1997aDror and Kosslyn, 1994; but see also Hertzog et al., 1993). The active processing of imageric information requires the respondent to deal with numerous item-specific details, and would therefore be expected to diminish with age, since such activity involves significant mental effort and considerable reliance on self-initiated processing (Craik, 1986;Craik and Jennings, 1992). Thus it would be expected that task situations which place greater demands on imageric processing (Paivio, 1990) would be subject to the greatest age-related change. In view of these considerations, and especially in view of the demonstration of pictorial processing loss advanced by Dror and Kosslyn (1994), it seems very likely that the elderly do in fact experience relative difficulty with pictorial processing.In contrast to pictorial processing, relational processing, such as that dealing with the category structure of stimulus sets, tends to remain relatively intact through the aging process (Nebes, 1990). Within any given memory task, the elderly are probably better at using relational than pictorial information. Therefore, we would expect the use of relational information to be more reinforcing for the elderly than the use of imagery in memory.It should be noted that under specific task conditions, as will be discussed below, the elderly are capable of using pictorial, item-specific support for recall at a very high level, in spite of the suggested age-related declines in picture-processing abilities

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Age Differences in Response Speed as a Function of Controlled Variations of Stimulus Conditions: Evidence of a General Speed Factor

Cited by 61 publications

References 5 publications

Context processing in older adults: Evidence for a theory relating cognitive control to neurobiology in healthy aging.

Context processing in older adults: Evidence for a theory relating cognitive control to neurobiology in healthy aging.

Do demographics have an impact on country of origin effects?

Relational frameworks for recall in young and older adults

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