Age-dependent variation in cytokines, chemokines and biologic analytes rinsed from the surface of healthy human skin

Abstract

In the skin, aging is associated with overall epidermal thinning, decreased barrier function, and gradual deterioration of the epidermal immune response. However, the presence and role of cytokines, chemokines, and biologic analytes (CCBAs) in immunosenescence are not known. Here we identified age-related changes in skin properties and CCBAs from stratum corneum of healthy human subjects, providing a means to utilize CCBAs as benchmarks for aging skin health. Transepidermal water loss and a(*) (skin redness) decreased in an age-dependent manner, and were significantly lower (p < 0.05) in Groups 2 (56.6 ± 4.6 years) and 3 (72.9 ± 3.0 years) vs. Group 1 (24.3 ± 2.8 years). In skin wash fluid, 48 CCBAs were detected; seven were significantly lower (p < 0.05) in Groups 2 and 3: EGF, FGF-2, IFNα2, IL-1RA, HSA, keratin-6, and involucrin; cortisol was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in Groups 2 and 3. Our results correspond with the pro-inflammatory shift that occurs with immunosenescence and also provides basis for understanding the inflammatory changes in normal aging skin.

Transepidermal water loss in healthy adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis update

“…Looking at the results of the 45 new studies, at least two measurements were performed in 14 [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31] of the 45 studies, and the TEWL devices were calibrated prior to the study in four. [31][32][33][34] Avoidance of air turbulence was reported in five 18,19,31,34,35 of the 45 studies.…”

Serum concentrations of Flt-3 ligand in rheumatic diseases

“…Activation of the receptor has been reported to regulate vessel formation as well as the blood cell differentiation. For example, Flt-3 signal is thought to play roles in the angiogenesis of malignant tumors, the process of B cell differentiation, immune response to virus infection, and aging (4)(5)(6)(7). Furthermore, Flt-3 mutations are found in patients with leukemia (8).…”

Measurement of skin surface biomakers by Transdermal Analyses Patch following different in vivo models of irritation: a pilot study

“…Based on the literature data on in vivo tape stripping, we had expected to detect upregulation of TNF‐α, IL‐8, and TSLP . Low or undetectable levels of TNF‐α and IL‐8, in contrast with the availability of IL‐1α and IL‐1RA, have been reported with several minimally and non‐invasive approaches . TSLP was also not detected in the interstitial fluid extracted by microporation .…”

“…Among the invasive methods figure skin punch biopsies, in which both inflammatory mediators and antimicrobial peptides can be detected . Minimally invasive methods are based on the harvesting of material from the superficial layers of the skin; examples include removal of SC by sequential application of adhesive tape (tape stripping) , extraction of interstitial fluid by microporation followed by vacuum application , and adsorption of skin surface mediators by a lipophilic tape (Sebutape, CuDerm, Dallas, TX, USA) . A non‐invasive method based on skin surface wash sampling of mediators secreted from the skin has also been described .…”

“…Minimally invasive methods are based on the harvesting of material from the superficial layers of the skin; examples include removal of SC by sequential application of adhesive tape (tape stripping) , extraction of interstitial fluid by microporation followed by vacuum application , and adsorption of skin surface mediators by a lipophilic tape (Sebutape, CuDerm, Dallas, TX, USA) . A non‐invasive method based on skin surface wash sampling of mediators secreted from the skin has also been described . Despite their undeniable value for skin research, these methods affect skin and/or have technical restrictions which limit their potential for measuring subtle changes in skin at different time‐points over a condensed period of time.…”