Age-dependence of colour preference in the U.K. population

Ling, Yazhu; Hurlbert, Anya

doi:10.1075/z.167.40lin

Cited by 9 publications

(15 citation statements)

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“…Sexbased developmental refinements to the visual processing systems may have their origin in processes of natural selection and be in place from birth or early in development (Bornstein, Kessen, & Weiskopf, 1976;Ling, Hurlbert, & Hurlbert, 2011). However, other differences may emerge later in development as a product of learning.…”

Section: The Source Of Individual Differencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Individual differences are more than a gene × environment interaction: The role of learning.

Byrom

Murphy

2018

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cogniti

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Individual differences in behavior are understood generally as arising from an interaction between genes and environment, omitting a crucial component. The literature on animal and human learning suggests the need to posit principles of learning to explain our differences. One of the challenges for the advancement of the field has been to establish how general principles of learning can explain the almost infinite variation in behavior. We present a case that: 1) individual differences in behavior emerge, in part, from principles of learning; 2) associations provide a descriptive mechanism for understanding the contribution of experience to behavior; 3) learning theories explain dissociable aspects of behavior. We use four examples from the field of learning to illustrate the importance of involving psychology, and associative theory in particular, in the analysis of individual differences, these are; i) fear learning, ii) behavior directed to cues for outcomes (i.e., sign-and goaltracking), iii) stimulus learning related to attention, and iv) human causal learning. Individual Differences 3A goal of research into learning is to characterize how behavior changes with experience within and across species. Thorndike's (1898) Law of Effect was an early attempt to characterize the effect of experience on behavior. In offering a general law of how experience contributes to behavior, Thorndike was also giving an account of how an individual becomes unique.The classic example of Thorndike's method involved cats and an apparatus known as a puzzle box (Thorndike, 1898). The box was a rudimentary cage with latches and gates to afford escape. The cats' dislike of confined space provided a natural motivation to engage in behaviors that might serendipitously lead to release. Thorndike observed that the cats made many false starts but eventually made a response that enabled escape. With repeated exposure to the box, latency to escape decreased. The Law of Effect stated that behaviors preceding any form of 'satisfaction' (e.g., escape) would be reinforced and made more likely on subsequent trials. However, rather than considering this principle as limiting an animal's flexibility to learn, the law only restricts the conditions for learning. Consider that outside the lab, different humans can successfully complete a motivated goal in different ways. They may behave differently but the same Law of Effect strengthens their behaviors.The goals of this paper are to present the case for the individual differences approach to learning theory. We will argue that (1) learning mediates the influence of genes and environment on behavior and (2) there is complexity, to be explored, within models of learning that can account for diversity in learning. Specifically, we suggest that while genes and environment may contribute to the development of differences in learning, that an individual's phenotype interacts with experience and the memories of experience to further cause individual differences. As such, the study of individual diff...

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Section: The Source Of Individual Differencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Individual differences are more than a gene × environment interaction: The role of learning.

Byrom

Murphy

2018

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cogniti

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“…Later they suggested that significant difference would be found due to long term changes. This was evident between female subjects their age range 11-12 years and 61-88 years (Ling et al, 2011;Best, 2012). In a research investigating age-related differences in color preference of displays, significant differences between young and aged observers' color image preference were indicated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 85%

“…Although, gender difference is interrelated with other factors such as age. Researchers found that gender differences are obvious in young ages and effectively reduce for elderly people compared with young subjects (Bonnardel et al, 2006;Ling et al, 2011, Dittmar, 2000. This maybe refers to poor color discrimination in old age (Sagawa and Takahashi, 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Colour Preferences According to Educational Background

Hanafy

Sanad

2015

Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences

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This study investigated differences in colour preferences associated with academic field of study. This is because it is believed that educational background has an impact on personality traits affecting individual choices including colour preferences. A questionnaire was collected from 80 participants including students at graphic design and information technology departments at first and final years of study. Subjects were asked to choose the most preferred colour for clothing and living room. "Blue" was the most preferred colour for clothing by 15% of the total subjects. Colour preferences were not related to education concerning the clothing in all cases including students from first and final levels in graphic design and information technology departments. However, "White" was found the most preferred colour by 35% of total subjects. There were found significant relationships between educational background and colour preferences for living room. This relationship was investigated for final year students of graphic design and information technology = 21.7; p=0.003; α=0.05, and for graphic design students from first and final years, the value of chi-square equals 14.5 which was significant at the 5% level p=0.02.

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“…Ling and Hurlbert 2011). For example, because the task involved discriminating between high and low attractive/healthy images as judged by young women, it is possible that differences in preferences between younger and older women could lead to lower discrimination for older women.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Discrimination of Attractiveness and Health in Men’s Faces: the Impact of Color Cues and Variation in Relation to Sex and Age of Rater

Roberts

Little

DeBruine

et al. 2017

Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology

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Cues available in facial skin are used to assess mate quality in humans and non-human primates. In men, perception of skin healthiness and facial attractiveness are associated with heterozygosity at genes in the major histocompatibility complex, with potential implications for securing direct benefits through mate choice. There is, however, some debate as to the precise nature of the information available in skin that is used in health and attractiveness judgments. Here we investigate whether color cues are important in discrimination of skin healthiness and facial attractiveness in men's faces. We presented images of men judged to have attractive or unattractive faces, and healthy or less healthy skin, to independent raters in either full-color or gray-scale monochrome. Differences in ratings across these conditions indicate that hue carries additive information over that available in other skin cues (e.g. texture and tone) and that this aids discrimination of individual men's quality, especially in judgments of skin condition. We also found significant sex and age effects on discrimination. Our results are consistent with findings from other species that color cues can signal underlying quality and that sexual selection may have contributed to the evolution of color vision in primates.

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Age-dependence of colour preference in the U.K. population

Cited by 9 publications

References 0 publications

Individual differences are more than a gene × environment interaction: The role of learning.

Individual differences are more than a gene × environment interaction: The role of learning.

Colour Preferences According to Educational Background

Discrimination of Attractiveness and Health in Men’s Faces: the Impact of Color Cues and Variation in Relation to Sex and Age of Rater

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