Age and Sex Differences in Fat Distribution in Non-Obese Japanese Children

Satake, Eiichiro; Nakagawa, Yuichi; Kubota, Akira; Saegusa, Hirokazu; Sano, Saburo; Ohzeki, Takehiko

doi:10.1515/jpem.2010.141

Cited by 22 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…Regarding SC fat, some authors have shown that differences between sexes already occur in childhood from the first year of life on (12,(22)(23)(24)(25), which could also be demonstrated by our findings. These observations differ from studies that provided no evidence of gender-specific differences under the age of ten (22,25). Regarding PP fat, sex differences in visceral fat seem to be closely linked to age-and puberty-related changes in fat distribution (8,22).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

“…Regarding PP fat, sex differences in visceral fat seem to be closely linked to age-and puberty-related changes in fat distribution (8,22). However, the question remains open when such differences in fat patterning first emerge because data in early childhood show conflicting results (9,12,15,22,23,25,26). Further follow-up investigations in children, especially for internal fat, are needed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sonographic assessment of abdominal fat distribution during the first year of infancy

et al. 2015

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Articles RESULTS Participant CharacteristicsThe analyses included 162 infants (n = 77 girls, n = 85 boys) aged 6 wk (median 6.33 wk) and 160 infants (n = 79 girls, n = 81 boys) aged 4 mo (median 3.64 mo) who underwent sonographic examinations as well as anthropometric and SFT measurements during regular study visits. Overall 160 children (n = 84 girls, n = 76 boys) completed the investigations at 1 y of age (median 1.04 y). The anthropometric and ultrasound data are presented in Tables 1 and 2. All infants were born full-term between the Data are presented as mean ± SD (n) along with the nonadjusted mean difference (95% confidence interval) from mixed models containing time, sex and an interaction between sex and time. SFT, skinfold thickness.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sonographic assessment of abdominal fat distribution during the first year of infancy

et al. 2015

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“…Satake, et al reported similar findings in 130 non-obese Japanese children. [34] They divided the children in 3 age groups ranging from 6 through 20 years of age. They noticed more VAT in boys only in the highest age group of 16–20 year olds.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dexa Body Composition Assessment in 10-11 Year Healthy Children

Verduin¹,

Helder²,

Doodeman³

et al. 2016

PLoS ONE

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IntroductionObesity is a growing health problem associated with metabolic derangements and cardiovascular disease. Accumulating evidence links the accumulation of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) to these obesity related health risks in adults. Childhood obesity is associated with a lifetime risk of cardiovascular disease and poses a serious challenge to future health care. In children, there is much less data on the prevalence and gender differences of visceral obesity than in adults. This study aims to provide reference values for VAT in children 10–11 years of age.MethodsIn a cross-sectional study performed in the north western part of theNetherlands, healthy children of 10–11 years of age, were recruited from primary schools. Anthropometric data consisting of height, weight, waist circumference (WC) and BMI were measured. Body composition was measured using DXA, providing measures for bone mineral content, total fat mass (TFM), lean body mass (LBM) and VAT.Results217 children were eligible for this study. Girls appeared to have a greater TFM (31.4% vs 27.5% of total body weight (TBW); P < .01) but lower VAT (0.3% vs 0.5% of TBW;P < .01) than boys, whereas boys had higher LBM (65.4% vs 69.3% TBW;P < .01). Median VAT area (cm2) was 41.1 for boys and 22.4 for girls (P < .01). Moderate to strong correlations were found for WC and BMI with VAT (boys: r = .664 and r = .630; Girls r = .699 and r = .546 respectively all P < .001).DiscussionThis study shows gender specific differences in VAT percentiles in healthy non-obese 10–11 year old children as measured by DXA that may serve as reference values in children. Independent of BMI and WC, girls tend to have more TFM but less VAT and LBM than boys.

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“…28 Additionally, girls had more SAT in a CT study of 11–20-year-old Japanese adolescents, 49 and girls had more abdominal SAT in a sample of British 12–14-year-olds. 8 Whole-body SAT was also higher in pubertal adolescent girls in an MRI study of 5–17-year-olds in the US.…”

Section: Influence Of Sexmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…48 Although 6–16-year-olds in Japan had no sex differences in VAT, older adolescent boys aged 16–20 had more VAT than their female counterparts. 49 Importantly, obesity increases android fat distribution in both sexes, thereby decreasing sex differences in body shape. 38 …”

Section: Influence Of Sexmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ethnic and sex differences in body fat and visceral and subcutaneous adiposity in children and adolescents

2012

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Body fat and the specific depot where adipose tissue (AT) is stored can contribute to cardiometabolic health risks in children and adolescents. Imaging procedures including magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography allow for the exploration of individual and group differences in pediatric adiposity. This review examines the variation in pediatric total body fat (TBF), visceral AT (VAT) and subcutaneous AT (SAT) due to age, sex, maturational status and ethnicity. TBF, VAT and SAT typically increase as a child ages, though different trends emerge. Girls tend to accumulate more TBF and SAT during and after puberty, depositing fat preferentially in the gynoid and extremity regions. In contrast, pubertal and postpubertal boys tend to deposit more fat in the abdominal region, particularly in the VAT depot. Sexual maturation significantly influences TBF, VAT and SAT. Ethnic differences in TBF are mixed. VAT tends to be higher in white and Hispanic youth, whereas SAT is typically higher in African American youth. Asian youth typically have less gynoid fat but more VAT than whites. Obesity per se may attenuate sex and ethnic differences. Particular health risks are associated with high amounts of TBF, VAT and SAT, including insulin resistance, hepatic steatosis, metabolic syndrome and hypertension. These risks are affected by genetic, biological and lifestyle factors including physical activity, nutrition and stress. Synthesizing evidence is difficult as there is no consistent methodology or definition to estimate and define depot-specific adiposity, and many analyses compare SAT and VAT without controlling for TBF. Future research should include longitudinal examinations of adiposity changes over time in representative samples of youth to make generalizations to the entire pediatric population and examine variation in organ-specific body fat.

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Age and Sex Differences in Fat Distribution in Non-Obese Japanese Children

Cited by 22 publications

References 49 publications

Sonographic assessment of abdominal fat distribution during the first year of infancy

Sonographic assessment of abdominal fat distribution during the first year of infancy

Dexa Body Composition Assessment in 10-11 Year Healthy Children

Ethnic and sex differences in body fat and visceral and subcutaneous adiposity in children and adolescents

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