Aerosol-boundary-layer-monsoon interactions amplify semi-direct effect of biomass smoke on low cloud formation in Southeast Asia

Ding, K. Y.; Huang, Xin; Ding, Aijun; Wang, Hailong; Su, Hang; Kerminen, V.-M.; Petäj̈ä, Tuukka; Tan, Zhimin; Wang, Zilin; Zhou, Derong; Sun, Jianning; Liao, Hong; Wang, Huijun; Carslaw, K. S.; Wood, Robert; Zuidema, Paquita; Kulmala, Markku; Fu, Congbin; Pöschl, Ulrich; Cheng, Yafang

doi:10.1038/s41467-021-26728-4

Cited by 66 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 72 publications

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“…PM 2.5 that is emitted by intense burning affects not only local air but also that of downwind regions through atmospheric transport (Li et al., 2019, 2021; Poulain et al., 2021; Wang et al., 2018). The impact of smoke transport has been well studied in regions with frequent fire activities, such as Central America (Saide et al., 2015; Wang & Christopher, 2006), Russia (Li et al., 2019; Mielonen et al., 2012; Péré et al., 2014), Africa (Ansmann et al., 2009; Williams et al., 2012), and South/Southeast Asia (Ding et al., 2021; Engling et al., 2011; Wang et al., 2017, 2021; Zhang et al., 2018; Zhu et al., 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contribution of Fire Emissions to PM_2.5 and Its Transport Mechanism Over the Yungui Plateau, China During 2015–2019

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contribution of Fire Emissions to PM_2.5 and Its Transport Mechanism Over the Yungui Plateau, China During 2015–2019

et al. 2022

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“…Peatland fires cause a broad suite of other impacts as well. The direct effect of aerosol emissions can offset GHG warming depending on their optical properties (Stockwell et al, 2016a;Eck et al, 2019;Pokhrel et al, 2016;Liu et al, 2014), and the aerosols also impact cloud cover (Ding et al, 2021) and rainfall (Hodzic and Duvel, 2018;Chen et al, 2017;Lu and Sokolik, 2013). The aerosols and gases emitted by Southeast Asian peatland fires are extensive enough to impact air quality regionally (Aouizerats et al, 2015;Hansen et al, 2019;Kiely et al, 2020;Koplitz et al, 2016;Tosca et al, 2011;Wooster et al, 2018;etc.).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tropical peat fire emissions: 2019 field measurements in Sumatra and Borneo and synthesis with previous studies

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Abstract. Peat fires in Southeast Asia are a major source of trace gases and particles to the regional-global atmosphere that influence atmospheric chemistry, climate, and air quality. During the November 2015 record-high Ocean Niño Index (ONI, 2.6) our mobile smoke sampling team made the first, or rare, field measurements of numerous trace gases, aerosol optical properties, and aerosol chemistry and mass emissions for fires burning only peat in the Indonesian province of Central Kalimantan (on the island of Borneo). The measurements used Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), whole air sampling (WAS), photoacoustic extinctiometers (PAX, 401 and 870 nm), and detailed off-line analyses of particulate matter (PM) collected on filters. In September–November 2019 we measured peat fire trace gas emissions again, using WAS only, under El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO)-neutral conditions (ONI, 0.3) in more remote areas of Central Kalimantan and also the Indonesian provinces of Riau, Jambi, and South Sumatra, all on the island of Sumatra. The 2019 measurements significantly expanded the geographic range and climate conditions sampled. This paper presents the 2019 results and synthesizes them with the previous fieldwork to converge on more robust regional average emission factors (EFs; grams of compound per kilogram of biomass burned) for authentic peat fires. In addition, samples of peat imported from Indonesia were burned in US laboratories, and the EFs and optical properties were characterized in more detail than in the field by a larger suite of instrumentation. We use the improved knowledge of regional emissions based on the expanded field measurements to select the most representative lab data and compute a synthesized, more “chemically complete” set of EFs and aerosol optical properties for tropical peat fires. The modified combustion efficiency (MCE) values for the peat smoke sampled in 2019 were within the range of MCEs sampled in 2015, but with a lower average in 2019 (0.718±0.021, range 0.687–0.736) than 2015 (0.772±0.035, range 0.693–0.835). Averaging the new and older data together suggests an updated MCE for tropical peat fires of ∼0.76. Despite the difference in MCE, the study-average methane emission factors (EF CH4) were remarkably similar across the 2 years probing different regions: 9.42±2.51 g kg−1 in 2019 and 9.51±4.74 g kg−1 in 2015. When parsing the 2019 samples by province, the EFs for non-methane organic gases (NMOGs) were about 3 times higher in South Sumatra and Central Kalimantan than in Jambi and Riau, but the overall 2019 study average was only ∼15 % higher than the 2015 study average. South Sumatra peat fires emitted higher amounts of carbonyl and dimethyl sulfide, suggesting a volcanic or marine influence or effects of agricultural chemicals. The lab and fieldwork taken together provide EFs for 230 trace gases including CO2 (1544 g kg−1), CO (315 g kg−1), and CH4 (9.8 g kg−1). These are significant adjustments to IPCC-recommended EFs, −9 %, +50 %, and −53 %, respectively. We also report EFs for numerous NMOGs, 46 N-containing compounds, and 14 sulfur- or halogen-containing species. The use of high-resolution mass spectrometry in the lab allowed measurement of 82 % more NMOG mass than in the field. Gravimetrically measured EF PM2.5 in the field in 2015 (17.3±5.8 g kg−1) was ∼20 % lower than the average from lab studies (22.4±10.4 g kg−1), perhaps due to higher field temperatures. Taken together the lab and field data show that the single-scattering albedo (SSA) was largely independent of wavelength and MCE in the visible (∼0.998), but lower at low MCE at 401 and 405 nm with a value of 0.958 at the study-average MCE. The absorption Ångström exponent (AAE) at the average MCE was 5.7. By far the largest PM component was weakly absorbing insoluble organic carbon.

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“…The authors reported that BC particles were transported to the glaciers in the Tibetan Plateau, where it significantly affected the melting of the snow, causing some severe environmental problems, such as water resource depletion. Ding et al (2021) indicated that BB aloft aerosols strongly increase the low cloud coverage over both land and ocean and affect the monsoon in the subtropical Southeast Asia.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of transport on a biomass burning plume from Indochina during EMeRGe-Asia identified by WRF-Chem

Lin

Chen²,

Chien³

et al. 2022

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Abstract. The Indochina biomass burning (BB) season in springtime has a substantial environmental impact on the surrounding areas in Asia. In this study, we evaluated the environmental impact of a major long-range BB transport event on 19 March 2018 (a flight of the HALO research aircraft, flight F0319) preceded by a minor event on 17 March 2018 (flight F0317). Aircraft data obtained during the campaign in Asia of the Effect of Megacities on the transport and transformation of pollutants on the Regional to Global scales (EMeRGe) were available between 12 March and 7 April 2018. In the F0319, results of 1-min mean carbon monoxide (CO), ozone (O3), acetone (ACE), acetonitrile (ACN), organic aerosol (OA) and black carbon aerosol (BC) concentrations were up to 312.0 ppb, 79.0 ppb, 3.0 ppb, 0.6 ppb, 6.4 µg m−3, 2.5 µg m−3 respectively, during the flight, which passed through the BB plume transport layer (BPTL) between the elevation of 2000–4000 m over the East China Sea (ECS). During F0319, CO, O3, ACE, ACN, OA and BC maximum of the 1 minute average concentrations were higher in the BPTL by 109.0 ppb, 8.0 ppb, 1.0 ppb, 0.3 ppb, 3.0 µg m−3 and 1.3 µg m−3 compared to flight F0317, respectively. Sulfate aerosol, rather than OA, showed the highest concentration at low altitudes (<1000 m) in both flights F0317 and F0319 resulting from the continental outflow in the ECS. The transport of BB aerosols from Indochina and its impacts on the downstream area was evaluated using a WRF-Chem model. Over the ECS, the simulated BB contribution demonstrated an increasing trend from the lowest values on 17 March 2018 to the highest values on 18 and 19 March 2018 for CO, fine particulate matter (PM2.5), OA, BC, hydroxyl radicals (OH), nitrogen oxides (NOx), total reactive nitrogen (NOy), and O3; by contrast, the variation of J(O1D) decreased as the BB plume’s contribution increased over the ECS. In the low boundary layer (<1000 m), the BB plume’s contribution to most species in the remote downstream areas was <20 %. However, at the BPTL, the contribution of the long-range transported BB plume was as high as 30–80 % for most of the species (NOy, NOx, PM2.5, BC, OH, O3, and CO) over South China (SC), Taiwan, and the ECS. BB aerosols were identified as a potential source of cloud condensation nuclei, and the simulation results indicated that the transported BB plume had an effect on cloud water formation over SC and the ECS on 19 March 2018. The combination of BB aerosol enhancement with cloud water resulted in a reduction of incoming shortwave radiation at the surface in SC and the ECS which potentially has significant regional climate implications.

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Aerosol-boundary-layer-monsoon interactions amplify semi-direct effect of biomass smoke on low cloud formation in Southeast Asia

Cited by 66 publications

References 72 publications

Contribution of Fire Emissions to PM_2.5 and Its Transport Mechanism Over the Yungui Plateau, China During 2015–2019

Contribution of Fire Emissions to PM_2.5 and Its Transport Mechanism Over the Yungui Plateau, China During 2015–2019

Tropical peat fire emissions: 2019 field measurements in Sumatra and Borneo and synthesis with previous studies

Effects of transport on a biomass burning plume from Indochina during EMeRGe-Asia identified by WRF-Chem

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Aerosol-boundary-layer-monsoon interactions amplify semi-direct effect of biomass smoke on low cloud formation in Southeast Asia

Cited by 66 publications

References 72 publications

Contribution of Fire Emissions to PM2.5 and Its Transport Mechanism Over the Yungui Plateau, China During 2015–2019

Contribution of Fire Emissions to PM2.5 and Its Transport Mechanism Over the Yungui Plateau, China During 2015–2019

Tropical peat fire emissions: 2019 field measurements in Sumatra and Borneo and synthesis with previous studies

Effects of transport on a biomass burning plume from Indochina during EMeRGe-Asia identified by WRF-Chem

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Contribution of Fire Emissions to PM_2.5 and Its Transport Mechanism Over the Yungui Plateau, China During 2015–2019

Contribution of Fire Emissions to PM_2.5 and Its Transport Mechanism Over the Yungui Plateau, China During 2015–2019