To evaluate the impacts of the urban heat island (UHI) effect on precipitation over a complex geographic environment in northern Taiwan, the next-generation mesoscale model, the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, coupled with the Noah land surface model and urban canopy model (UCM), was used to study this issue. Based on a better land use classification derived from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite data (the MODIS case), it has significantly improved simulation results for the accumulation rainfall pattern as compared with the original U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) 25category land use classification (the USGS case). The precipitation system was found to develop later but stronger in the urban (MODIS) case than in the nonurban (USGS) case. In comparison with the observation by radar, simulation results predicted reasonably well; not only was the rainfall system enhanced downwind of the city over the mountainous area, but it also occurred at the upwind plain area in the MODIS case. The simulation results suggested that the correct land use classification is crucial for urban heat island modeling study. The UHI effect plays an important role in perturbing thermal and dynamic processes; it affects the location of thunderstorms and precipitation over the complex geographic environment in northern Taiwan.

Adenovirus type 7 caused a high proportion of severe infections.

Agostic bonds are of interest in organometallic chemistry since they often lead to C-H activation. 1 The η 2 C-H interaction increases the acidity of the agostically bound proton so that deprotonation with a base frequently results. 2 Interestingly, the agostic bond was not widely considered as a possible intermediate in enzymatic hydrocarbon oxygenations until Collman and coworkers 3 recently demonstrated the inhibition of cyclohexane hydroxylation by H 2 or CH 4 in P-450 model complexes, and they suggested an agostic alternative to the P-450 rebound mechanism. Inspired by recent reports, we are aware of the intriguing tetraphenyl N-confused porphyrin (NCTPP, 1), which has an inner core C-H bond from the inverted pyrrole ring. To understand the bonding interaction between a metal center and an inner core C-H, we have prepared and structurally characterized novel iron NCTPP complexes.

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