To evaluate the impacts of the urban heat island (UHI) effect on precipitation over a complex geographic environment in northern Taiwan, the next-generation mesoscale model, the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, coupled with the Noah land surface model and urban canopy model (UCM), was used to study this issue. Based on a better land use classification derived from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite data (the MODIS case), it has significantly improved simulation results for the accumulation rainfall pattern as compared with the original U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) 25category land use classification (the USGS case). The precipitation system was found to develop later but stronger in the urban (MODIS) case than in the nonurban (USGS) case. In comparison with the observation by radar, simulation results predicted reasonably well; not only was the rainfall system enhanced downwind of the city over the mountainous area, but it also occurred at the upwind plain area in the MODIS case. The simulation results suggested that the correct land use classification is crucial for urban heat island modeling study. The UHI effect plays an important role in perturbing thermal and dynamic processes; it affects the location of thunderstorms and precipitation over the complex geographic environment in northern Taiwan.

Adenovirus type 7 caused a high proportion of severe infections.

Agostic bonds are of interest in organometallic chemistry since they often lead to C-H activation. 1 The η 2 C-H interaction increases the acidity of the agostically bound proton so that deprotonation with a base frequently results. 2 Interestingly, the agostic bond was not widely considered as a possible intermediate in enzymatic hydrocarbon oxygenations until Collman and coworkers 3 recently demonstrated the inhibition of cyclohexane hydroxylation by H 2 or CH 4 in P-450 model complexes, and they suggested an agostic alternative to the P-450 rebound mechanism. Inspired by recent reports, we are aware of the intriguing tetraphenyl N-confused porphyrin (NCTPP, 1), which has an inner core C-H bond from the inverted pyrrole ring. To understand the bonding interaction between a metal center and an inner core C-H, we have prepared and structurally characterized novel iron NCTPP complexes.

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The N-confused porphyrin complex Mn(II)(NCHPP)Br exhibits a nonplanar porphyrin ring with an inner core C-H on the inverted pyrrole ring. The aerobic metal oxidation promotes the dissociation of an inner-core proton on the inverted pyrrole ring and changes the N-confused porphyrin conformation to a planar porphyrin ring to form Mn(III)(NCPP)Br. The conjugate systems and metal oxidation states are confirmed by crystal structures as well as spectroscopic data. The reverse reaction can be achieved by treating the Mn(III)(NCPP)Br with p-toluenesulfonhydrazide.

The seasonal variations of heavy rainfall days over Taiwan are analyzed using 6-yr (1997-2002) hourly rainfall data from about 360 rainfall stations, including high-spatial-resolution Automatic Rainfall and Meteorological Telemetry System stations and 25 conventional stations. The seasonal variations and spatial variations of nontyphoon and typhoon heavy rainfall occurrences (i.e., the number of rainfall stations with rainfall rate Ͼ15 mm h Ϫ1 and daily accumulation Ͼ50 mm) are also analyzed. From mid-May to early October, with abundant moisture, potential instability, and the presence of mountainous terrain, nontyphoon heavy rainfall days are frequent (Ͼ60%), but only a few stations recorded extremely heavy rainfall (Ͼ130 mm day Ϫ1 ) during the passage of synoptic disturbances or the drifting of mesoscale convective systems inland. During the mei-yu season, especially in early June, these events are more widespread than in other seasons. The orographic effects are important in determining the spatial distribution of heavy rainfall occurrences with a pronounced afternoon maximum, especially during the summer months under the southwesterly monsoon flow. After the summer-autumn transition, heavy rainfall days are most frequent over northeastern Taiwan under the northeasterly monsoon flow. Extremely heavy rainfall events (Ͼ130 mm day Ϫ1 ) are infrequent during the winter months because of stable atmospheric stratification with a low moisture content. Typhoon heavy rainfall events start in early May and become more frequent in late summer and early autumn. During the analysis period, heavy rainfall occurrences are widespread and dominated by extremely heavy rainfall events (Ͼ130 mm day Ϫ1 ) on the windward slopes of the storm circulations. The spatial distribution of typhoon heavy rainfall occurrences depends on the typhoon track with very little diurnal variation.

A dimeric iron N-confused porphyrin, [Fe(NCTPP)]2 was obtained from the anaerobic reaction of Fe(NCTPP)Br with NaSePh while under aerobic conditions a hydroxo bridged iron dimer with Na bridging the outer-N atoms was obtained and oxygenation occurred on the inner core pyrrolic carbon to form a novel ONCTPP porphyrinic ring.