Abstract:In recent years, the high demand for sustainable processes resulted in the development of highly attractive oxidation protocols utilizing molecular oxygen or even air instead of more uneconomic and often toxic reagents. The application of these sustainable, gaseous oxidants in conventional batch reactors is often associated with severe safety risks and process challenges especially on larger scales. Continuous flow technology offers the possibility to minimize these safety hazards and concurrently allows worki… Show more
“…The safety issues connected with liquid phase oxidation reactions have been reviewed recently [150,151]. Oxidising reactants typically used are oxygen, ozone or peroxides, which are usually mixed with organic solvents.…”
Flow chemistry has been proposed in modern organic chemistry as a mean for process intensification, to improve the control over reaction performance and to achieve higher yield. However, many open issues can be evidenced regarding the true possibility of scale-up, as well as currently lacking information for process design and economical evaluation. This review proposes some recent examples of flow synthesis deepening in particular the scale-up and engineering issues. Required information is evidenced, as well as some transport and kinetic data required for the practical implementation of the results.
“…The safety issues connected with liquid phase oxidation reactions have been reviewed recently [150,151]. Oxidising reactants typically used are oxygen, ozone or peroxides, which are usually mixed with organic solvents.…”
Flow chemistry has been proposed in modern organic chemistry as a mean for process intensification, to improve the control over reaction performance and to achieve higher yield. However, many open issues can be evidenced regarding the true possibility of scale-up, as well as currently lacking information for process design and economical evaluation. This review proposes some recent examples of flow synthesis deepening in particular the scale-up and engineering issues. Required information is evidenced, as well as some transport and kinetic data required for the practical implementation of the results.
“…In particular, the consortium focused on the development of safe and scalable continuous flow technologies for aerobic oxidation reactions. Recent reviews have provided overviews of the significant progress made in the last decade towards the utilization of O 2 within continuous flow environments [16][17][18].…”
Molecular oxygen (O 2) is the ultimate "green" oxidant for organic synthesis. There has been recent intensive research within the synthetic community to develop new selective liquid phase aerobic oxidation methodologies as a response to the necessity to reduce the environmental impact of chemical synthesis and manufacture. Green and sustainable chemical processes rely not only on effective chemistry but also on the implementation of reactor technologies that enhance reaction performance and overall safety. Continuous flow reactors have facilitated safer and more efficient utilization of O 2 , whilst enabling protocols to be scalable. In this article, we discuss recent advancements in the utilization of continuous processing for aerobic oxidations. The translation of aerobic oxidation from batch protocols to continuous flow processes, including process intensification (high T/p), is examined. The use of "synthetic air", typically consisting of less than 10% O 2 in N 2 , is compared to pure O 2 (100% O 2) as an oxidant source in terms of process efficiency and safety. Examples of homogeneous catalysis and heterogeneous (packed bed) catalysis are provided. The application of flow photoreactors for the in situ formation of singlet oxygen (1 O 2) for use in organic reactions, as well as the implementation of membrane technologies, green solvents and recent reactor solutions for handling O 2 are covered.
“…Moreover, a gas-liquid oxidation in flow features an excellent mass and heat transfer, minimizing the possibility of explosion when flammable solvent are used. 33 Heterogeneous reactions can be carried out using a segmented (slug) flow which allows a more efficient mixing, with improved mass transfer between the phases ( Figure 2). 34 Specifically, photo-oxygenations involve the participation of singlet oxygen ( 1 O 2 ) as reactive species which can be formed in situ under photosensitizer oxygen conditions.…”
The research area of synthetic organic photochemistry is a powerful tool for creating both natural products and molecules with high structural complexity, in a simple way and under mild conditions. However, because of the challenges in scaling-up, it has been difficult to apply a photochemical reaction in an industrial process. Flow chemistry provides an opportunity for better control over the conditions of the reaction and, additionally, improved reaction selectivity and enhanced reproducibility. Taking into account that significant interest has focused on the use of flow photochemistry as a method for the synthesis of heterocycles and its applications in target-oriented synthesis over the last few years, the aim of this review is to highlight the recent efforts to apply flow photochemistry methodology to diverse reactions as a greener and more scalable process for the pharmaceutical and fine chemical industries. Additionally, the review highlights future perspectives in the development of scale-up strategies, combining photochemical reactions in the continuous flow multistep synthesis of organic molecules, being of interest for scientists and engineers alike.
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