“…There has been an increase in empirical research in both economics and business fields that analyzes and quantifies the degree of competition (Eilon, 1993;Furrer and Thomas, 2000;Heiman, 2010;Liu and Nagurney, 2011;Pech and Slade, 2003;Schiavone, 2011;Sinha, 2000;Tsai and Hung, 2009;Wang et al, 2011;Xiao and Qi, 2008;Yan, Tang and Lee, 2007;Yao and Liu, 2005;Zhang, 2006). Particularly, the banking industry has fuelled a large stream of literature on competition and has been a topic of considerable interest, especially since the 80s, when significant changes in structure and competition took place in several financial markets (Lozano-Vivas and Pastor, 2010;Maudos and Pérez, 2003;Oroz and Salas, 2003).…”