Advancing Water Footprint Assessment Research: Challenges in Monitoring Progress towards Sustainable Development Goal 6

Hoekstra, Arjen Ysbert; Chapagain, Ashok; Oel, Pieter van

doi:10.3390/w9060438

Cited by 81 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…A plethora of options are available to improve water-use efficiencies and productivity [7], but these may not be sufficient to make the conventional water resources-surface water in rivers and lakes, reservoirs, and aquifers-to meet the human needs in many water-scarce areas. Thus, water-scarce countries, regions, and communities should increasingly consider alternate, unconventional water resources in order to narrow the water demand-supply gap [8], as water scarcity forms a risk to the global economy [9] and water is increasingly considered as an instrument for international cooperation to achieve sustainable development [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fog Water Collection: Challenges beyond Technology

Qadir

Jiménez

Farnum

et al. 2018

Water

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Abstract:The Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 6, calling for access to safe water and sanitation for all by the year 2030 supports the efforts in water-scarce countries and regions to go beyond conventional resources and tap unconventional water supplies to narrow the water demand-supply gap. Among the unconventional water resources, the potential to collect water from the air, such as fog harvesting, is by far the most under-explored. Fog water collection is a passive, low maintenance, and sustainable option that can supply fresh drinking water to communities where fog events are common. Because of the relatively simple design of fog collection systems, their operation and maintenance are minimal and the associated cost likewise; although, in certain cases, some financially constrained communities would need initial subsidies. Despite technology development and demonstrated benefits, there are certain challenges to fog harvesting, including lack of supportive policies, limited functional local institutions, inexpert communities, gender inequality, and perceived high costs without undertaking comprehensive economic analyses. By addressing such challenges, there is an opportunity to provide potable water in areas where fog intensity and duration are sufficient, and where the competition for clean water is intensifying because water resources are at a far distance or provided by expensive sources.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fog Water Collection: Challenges beyond Technology

Qadir

Jiménez

Farnum

et al. 2018

Water

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“…The availability of water resources is vital for economic and social development [1]. However, with the growth in national economies and the global economy, water scarcity has become a problem in many regions of the world, which has resulted in severe and sometimes violent water conflicts between human needs and ecosystem survival, and as a result has presented great challenges for water resource sustainability [2][3][4]. The 2015 United Nations world water development report stated that "by 2025, two thirds of the global population will face water shortages".…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative Measurement of the Sustainable Water Resource Development System in China Inspired by Dissipative Structure Theory

et al. 2018

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In an attempt to ensure sustainable water resource development, this paper constructs a comprehensive scientific index evaluation system focused on the macro socio-economic-ecological environment. Inspired by the theory of dissipative structure, the sustainable development system of water resources is regarded as a complex and huge dissipative system. In order to effectively measure the coordinated development status and orderly evolution trend of the system, this paper uses the information entropy method to construct the measurement model of the water resources system and analyze its internal entropy flow changes. The empirical analysis of the water resources in China from 2007 to 2016 found that coordinated water resource subsystem development could achieve sustainable development, and that over the examined period, the sustainable water resource development system in China became more orderly and coordinated; therefore, the sustainable development aim is gradually being achieved.2 of 16 regional, and national economies and have put future development in jeopardy. Therefore, sustainably developing water resources has become increasingly important.However, to accurately develop sustainable water resource development systems, it is necessary to evaluate the sustainability of existing practices and initiatives, explore the impact mechanisms and evolving trends in sustainable water resource development systems, and conduct associated assessments and projections to ensure coordinated development [6]. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to develop a model that is able to accurately evaluate and measure the coordinated development level and the evolutionary trends for sustainable water resources. These developments assist in understanding the current state of the water evolution system and provide recommendations for future sustainable development.The remainder of this article is organized as follows. In Section 2, a comprehensive literature review on sustainable water resource development is given. In Section 3, an indicator system for sustainable water resource development is constructed, and in Section 4, the research methods, applicability, and specific steps are described. In Section 5, a case analysis is given to demonstrate the applicability of the indicator system, and in Section 6, a detailed results analysis is given. The conclusion and future prospects are given in Section 7.

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“…Different crop trades save or lose different volumes of blue and green water. Nevertheless, others have argued that the virtual water trade strategy as a solution to water scarcity is fallacious [6,9]. In practice, producing grain in some arid regions has a competitive advantage over humid regions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Virtual Water Flows at the County Level in the Heihe River Basin, China

Zhang

Zhou

2017

Water

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Water scarcity in arid regions can be addressed by using the virtual water concept in water resources management. This research used a compiled county-level input-output table to analyze virtual water flows for the Heihe River Basin in 2012 by applying a multi-regional input-output (MRIO) model. The results showed that the Heihe River Basin is a net virtual water exporter at a scale of 1.05 billion m 3 , which accounts for one third of the total amount of the basin's water resources. The midstream area of the basin imports 96.31% of virtual water (2.04 billion m 3 ) and exports 88.84% of virtual water (0.94 billion m 3 ). In contrast, the upstream and downstream parts have limited virtual water flows. The agricultural sector largely consumes water in each county; maize or wheat production accounts for approximately 50% of the total water consumption. For most sectors, the virtual water content from surface water is greater than that from groundwater. The ratio of virtual surface water to virtual groundwater ranges from 1.20 to 2.91. The results for the water stress index indicated that most counties experienced water stress due to maize production. Greater attention needs to be paid to the adaptation and assessment of virtual water strategies in arid regions.

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Advancing Water Footprint Assessment Research: Challenges in Monitoring Progress towards Sustainable Development Goal 6

Cited by 81 publications

References 32 publications

Fog Water Collection: Challenges beyond Technology

Fog Water Collection: Challenges beyond Technology

Quantitative Measurement of the Sustainable Water Resource Development System in China Inspired by Dissipative Structure Theory

Virtual Water Flows at the County Level in the Heihe River Basin, China

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