Virtual Water Flows at the County Level in the Heihe River Basin, China

Zhang, Yali; Zhou, Qing; Wu, Feng

doi:10.3390/w9090687

Cited by 10 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…It can decompose to obtain the internal drivers that lead to changes in VW flows, thus exploring the trade causes of water scarcity in greater depth. Even so, the application of SDA models could be improved: first, SDA is usually applied at the interprovincial level and lacks analysis at the national level [36][37][38][39][40]. Although Cai et al (2019) used SDA to assess drivers of VW flows in China, only the 2002, 2007, and 2012 years were analyzed due to data availability [17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatiotemporal Evolution and Drivers of Chinese Industrial Virtual Water in International Trade

Wang

Zhou

2023

Water

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As a water-scarce country and the world’s largest trader of industrial products, China’s industrial virtual water (VW) flow may exacerbate its water scarcity problem. Thus, industrial VW flows’ spatial and temporal evolution in international trade should be analyzed, and influencing factors must be identified. This study developed the multiregional input–output (MRIO) model, combined with the Leontief inverse matrix, to measure and decompose the industrial VW flows between China and other economies from 2000 to 2014. This extended MRIO model considers intermediate production water consumption and indirect water use, which technically distinguishes the sources of pressure on water use more accurately, thus enabling a new elaboration of the composition of China’s industrial water use. Then, the evolution of China’s industrial VW trade is analyzed spatiotemporally, and the structural decomposition analysis (SDA) method is invoked to identify the endogenous drivers further. The results indicate the following. (1) China was a net exporter of industrial VW trade. The main VW export sectors in China were the manufacture of textiles and wearing apparel, paper products, and chemical products, which had the characteristics of high water consumption, high pollution, and low added value, respectively. (2) The net exports of industrial VW from China mainly went to the US, EU, ROW (rest of the world), and Japan. China’s VW exports to the US and Japan are declining, while exports to the EU and Russia are increasing. (3) The decrease in the water-use coefficient in all industrial sectors in China was the most critical reason for inhibiting the increase in the country’s industrial VW exports. The export structure effect of intermediate products, product structure effect of foreign final demand, and scale effect of foreign final demand were the primary reasons for the rise in VW exports, but all gradually diminished. Moreover, the structural effects of China on the use of domestic intermediate products had a significant positive effect on the increase in VW exports. In contrast, those of foreign products had an extremely weak effect.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatiotemporal Evolution and Drivers of Chinese Industrial Virtual Water in International Trade

Wang

Zhou

2023

Water

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“…In the water cycle, the hydrogen and oxygen isotopic compositions of various water bodies are affected by isotopic fractionation, which has wide spatial and temporal heterogeneity. Water bodies from different sources have different isotopic characteristics (Zhang et al 2006, Zhang et al 2007). The utility of δ 18 O and δ 2 H values depends on the sources and seasonal changes in different hydrological intervals as follows: due to the low temperatures and reduced evaporation, heavy isotope levels are lower in winter snow than in summer rain; compared with that of source water, the heavy isotope content of surface water bodies experiencing evaporation is higher; and longer water transport time usually leads to lower variance and seasonal amplitude of stable isotopes in runoff and groundwater compared with seasonal precipitation (McGuire et al 2006, Soulsby et al 2015, Vystavna et al 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Water chemistry and stable isotope characteristics of subsidence lakes in coal mining areas, Eastern China

Jiang

Zha

et al. 2023

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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Large-area subsidence lakes in coal mining areas with high phreatic levels in eastern China play a very important role in regulating water resources and improving the ecological environment. These coal mining-related subsidence lakes vary in formation time and connectivity with rivers. These factors may in uence the hydrogeochemistry and hydrogen and oxygen stable isotope characteristics of the lake water. This study assessed the hydrogeochemical and hydrogen and oxygen stable isotope characteristics and the in uencing factors of the subsidence lake water, surface river water and shallow groundwater in the Huainan coal mine area in eastern China. The results showed that the hydrochemical types of the subsidence lake water and river water are Cl-Na and HCO 3 •Cl-Na and that the hydrochemical types of the shallow groundwater are mainly HCO 3 •Cl-Na and HCO 3 •Cl-Ca. There are no signi cant differences in the hydrochemical characteristics of subsidence lakes with different subsidence ages and types. The major ions in each water body mainly come from evaporite dissolution and silicate weathering, and ion exchange occurs. Reverse ion exchange occurs in some shallow groundwater samples. The hydrogen and oxygen isotopic compositions of the subsidence lake water, river water and shallow groundwater plot below and to the right of the LMWL and are distributed along a straight line, indicating that these water bodies have a common source, namely, precipitation. With increases in the formation time of the subsidence lakes, the heavy isotopes in the lake water gradually become depleted, and the d value gradually increases, mainly driven by precipitation dilution, weakening evaporation, river recharge and groundwater recharge. The isotopic values of different types of lakes with the same subsidence time differ little. The research results are of great signi cance for understanding the water cycle and water resource evaluation of coal mining subsidence lakes.

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“…Some researchers studied the water footprint and virtual water trade in China (or other countries) or a specific province with the single-region input-output model [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24]. Many researchers studied the water footprint and virtual water trade in multiple regions or provinces of China (or other countries) with the multi-region input-output model [25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of key sectors of water resource utilization in China from the perspective of water footprint

et al. 2020

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We identified the key sectors of water resource use in China from the perspective of the water footprint to improve the use of water resources. The empirical results showed that there were six key sectors (including Crop Cultivation; Forestry; Livestock and Livestock Products; Fishery, Technical Services for Agriculture, Forestry, Livestock and Fishing; Other Food Products, and Scrap and Waste) for water consumption in China in 2015.We analyzed the use of green water, blue water, and grey water. These six sectors accounted for 66.15% of the total impact and 90.76% of the direct impact. Seven key sectors (the six sectors above plus Steel Processing)for the consumption of blue water in China can explain 59.70% of the total impact and 86.94% of the direct effect in 2015. Eight key sectors (Crop cultivation, Other food products, Scrap and Waste, Railway Freight Transport, Highway Freight and Passengers Transport, Water Freight and Passengers Transport, Pipeline Transport, and Health Services) responsible for the consumption of grey water in China in 2015 can explain 81.28% of the total impact and 95.73% of the direct impact. Therefore, the Chinese government should focus on the departments that manage water resources in these sectors when designing water-saving policies and improving water-use efficiency, such as promoting water-saving irrigation technology (including sprinkler irrigation and drip irrigation) in the agricultural sector.

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Virtual Water Flows at the County Level in the Heihe River Basin, China

Cited by 10 publications

References 35 publications

Spatiotemporal Evolution and Drivers of Chinese Industrial Virtual Water in International Trade

Spatiotemporal Evolution and Drivers of Chinese Industrial Virtual Water in International Trade

Water chemistry and stable isotope characteristics of subsidence lakes in coal mining areas, Eastern China

Identification of key sectors of water resource utilization in China from the perspective of water footprint

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