Advances in upconversion luminescence nanomaterial‐based biosensor for virus diagnosis

Abstract

Various infectious viruses have been posing a major threat to global public health, especially SARS‐CoV‐2, which has already claimed more than six million lives up to now. Tremendous efforts have been made to develop effective techniques for rapid and reliable pathogen detection. The unique characteristics of upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) pose numerous advantages when employed in biosensors, and they are a promising candidate for virus detection. Herein, this Review will discuss the recent advancement in the UCNP‐based biosensors for virus and biomarkers detection. We summarize four basic principles that guide the design of UCNP‐based biosensors, which are utilized with luminescent or electric responses as output signals. These strategies under fundamental mechanisms facilitate the enhancement of the sensitivity of UCNP‐based biosensors. Moreover, a detailed discussion and benefits of applying UCNP in various virus bioassays will be presented. We will also address some obstacles in these detection techniques and suggest routes for progress in the field. These progressions will undoubtedly pose UCNP‐based biosensors in a prominent position for providing a convenient, alternative approach to virus detection.

Signal Amplification Strategy Design in Nanozyme‐Based Biosensors for Highly Sensitive Detection of Trace Biomarkers

“…For instance, incorporating UCNPs into the test strip can reduce interference from the sample's inherent color due to their luminous intensity. [ 236 ]…”

“…For instance, incorporating UCNPs into the test strip can reduce interference from the sample's inherent color due to their luminous intensity. [236] First, the catalytic activity and specificity of most nanozymes are still inadequate compared to conventional enzymes. The catalytic activity of nanozymes primarily depends on surface atoms or ions, and unmodified nanozymes typically exhibit singular enzyme activity.…”

DNA and Nanomaterials: A Functional Combination for DNA Sensing

“…Researchers are working on developing biosensors that can detect and analyze subtle conditions in individuals using advanced biosensing materials. − Similarly, DNA has become a fascinating material for biosensor engineering due to its essential role in organisms. , A biosensor typically involves a target detection component and a transducer that produces enhanced signals when interacting with target analytes. Developing biosensors that can detect target analytes with a low concentration is a major concern .…”

Creating Efficient and Specific Peroxidase‐Like Atomic Cu‐N‐C Centers via Axial Strong‐Metal‐Support‐Interaction for Enzymatic Biodetection

“…However, the development of natural enzymes in the field of colorimetric detection is limited by their poor stability, high cost, adjustable catalytic performance, and difficulty in largescale preparation. [19][20][21] Enzyme-like biocatalysts that have the advantages of natural enzymes while avoiding their disadvantages come into being. [1,[22][23][24][25][26] In recent years, the Fe-N x doped carbon nanomaterials with well-defined structures of the active center, relatively uniform active sites, unsaturated coordination, and high atomic utilization have been explored as enzyme-like biocatalysts and enzymatic biodetection.…”

“…However, the development of natural enzymes in the field of colorimetric detection is limited by their poor stability, high cost, adjustable catalytic performance, and difficulty in large‐scale preparation. [ 19–21 ] Enzyme‐like biocatalysts that have the advantages of natural enzymes while avoiding their disadvantages come into being. [ 1,22–26 ]…”