Advances in Medical Wearable Biosensors: Design, Fabrication and Materials Strategies in Healthcare Monitoring

Abstract

In the past decade, wearable biosensors have radically changed our outlook on contemporary medical healthcare monitoring systems. These smart, multiplexed devices allow us to quantify dynamic biological signals in real time through highly sensitive, miniaturized sensing platforms, thereby decentralizing the concept of regular clinical check-ups and diagnosis towards more versatile, remote, and personalized healthcare monitoring. This paradigm shift in healthcare delivery can be attributed to the development of nanomaterials and improvements made to non-invasive biosignal detection systems alongside integrated approaches for multifaceted data acquisition and interpretation. The discovery of new biomarkers and the use of bioaffinity recognition elements like aptamers and peptide arrays combined with the use of newly developed, flexible, and conductive materials that interact with skin surfaces has led to the widespread application of biosensors in the biomedical field. This review focuses on the recent advances made in wearable technology for remote healthcare monitoring. It classifies their development and application in terms of electrochemical, mechanical, and optical modes of transduction and type of material used and discusses the shortcomings accompanying their large-scale fabrication and commercialization. A brief note on the most widely used materials and their improvements in wearable sensor development is outlined along with instructions for the future of medical wearables.

Rapid Detection of Staphylococcus aureus Using Paper-Derived Electrochemical Biosensors

“…Paper-based analytical devices (μPADs) and their electroanalytical derivations (ePADs) play an important role as modern analytical tools and have been applied in several areas such as medicine, − forensics, , food science, , environmental analysis, and the pharmaceutical industry . When deployed as point-of-care (POC) sensors, these devices can provide appropriate sensitivity to detect not only metabolites but also pathogens such as SARS-CoV-2 virus, ebola virus, Escherichia coli (E.…”

A review of 3D printing technology for rapid medical diagnostic tools

“…The biorecognition element is considered the most critical part as it determines the success of biosensing. 16 It detects the analyte (e.g., nucleic acids, antibodies, ions, or enzymes 17 ) via a reaction, specific adsorption, or other processes such as physical/chemical interactions. 18 Then, the transducer converts the detected analyte to a quantifiable signal.…”

Review on Healthcare Biosensing Nanomaterials

“…Wearable sensors can be employed as patient-focused sensing devices and for performing customized or specific studies that can help to detect early illness or as e-service health monitoring. 262 Furthermore, these wearable biosensing systems can be used as point-of-care testing systems as wearable healthcare devices like smartwatches for assessing electrocardiograms, heart rate, oxygen monitoring, etc. Such devices have become a significant milestone for next-generation biosensors with widespread interest and contribute to individualized and patient-specific examination by accomplishing the core objectives of a biosensor.…”

“…Wearable sensors can be employed as patient-focused sensing devices and for performing customized or specific studies that can help to detect early illness or as e-service health monitoring . Furthermore, these wearable biosensing systems can be used as point-of-care testing systems as wearable healthcare devices like smartwatches for assessing electrocardiograms, heart rate, oxygen monitoring, etc.…”