Advances in Biogenic Nanoparticles and the Mechanisms of antimicrobial Effects

Abstract

Qidwai, et al.: Biogenic Advances in NanoparticlesInnovations in the nanotechnological arena have paved a path leading to nano-revolution, which has most recently unfurled the role of plants in the biogenic synthesis of nanoparticles. Though synthesis of nanoparticles can be accomplished through physical and chemical techniques, biological course of synthesis has proficiently proved competent over other techniques. The problem of evolving multidrug resistant bacteria, due to irrational use of antibiotics, makes the biogenically synthesized nanoparticles attractive, due to their promising efficacy with negligible side effects. Consequently, the nanoparticles becoming better substitutes for conventional treatment besides overcoming all the limitations. Nanoparticles have great stability and potent antibacterial activity. The uniqueness lies in their size (10 and 500 nm) and dimension offers these particles to dynamically communicate with biomolecules on the cell surfaces and within the cells, so proficiently to decode and designate various biochemical and physiochemical properties of the cells. The present review aims to recapitulate various emerging efforts in the biogenic synthesis of nanoparticles, most significantly their unique mechanisms of action with different approaches as well as the factors that may add up to their antimicrobial activity.

Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Mediated by Fungi: A Review

“…This last method is most widely used, since no procedures are required to release the nanoparticles from the cells (Azmath et al, 2016; Sabri et al, 2016; Costa Silva et al, 2017; Gudikandula et al, 2017). Nonetheless, the nanoparticle dispersion must be purified in order to eliminate fungal residues and impurities, which can be achieved using methods such as simple filtration, membrane filtration, gel filtration, dialysis, and ultracentrifugation (Ashrafi et al, 2013; Qidwai et al, 2018; Yahyaei and Pourali, 2019).…”

Current Insights on Antifungal Therapy: Novel Nanotechnology Approaches for Drug Delivery Systems and New Drugs from Natural Sources

“…Nanoparticles undergo dissolution processes thanks to their electrochemical potential [113]. This leads to their separation into ions within the microbial fluid or in the culture medium.…”

“…Ag + also binds to proteins of transport from the respiratory chain, causing the leak out of protons and thus the collapse of the proton motive force. Furthermore, Ag + obstructs the uptake of phosphate and so promotes the efflux of intracellular phosphate [113].…”

“…Metals present in nanoparticles can act as catalysts, reacting with biomolecules thanks to their high specific surface area, inducing the direct production of free radicals when exposed to the acidic environment of lysosomes or interacting with oxidative organelles [112,113].…”

Hierarchical Architecture of Electrospun Hybrid PAN/Ag‐rGO/Fe3O4 Composite Nanofibrous Mat for Antibacterial Applications

“…For centuries, metallic nanoparticles such as Ag, TiO 2 , CuO, ZnO, Fe 3 O 4 have been widely known for their effective antibacterial properties and they are also less toxic to humans . Moreover the antibacterial mechanism of these nanoparticles are not specific but it can be generally defined through different modes of action . Earlier works reported the integration of two or more metallic nanoparticles to obtain broad spectrum antibacterial effects against both Gram positive and negative bacteria .…”