The oxidation rates and efficiency of the photocatalytic system are highly dependent on a number of operational parameters that govern the photodegradation of the organic molecule. Several study have been reported the significance of operational parameter. The photodegradation depends on the some basic parameters which are concentration of substrate, amount of photocatalyst, pH of the solution, temperature of reaction medium, time of irradiation of light, the intensity of light, surface area of photocatalyst, dissolve oxygen in the reaction medium, nature of the photocatalyst, nature of the substrate, doping of metal ions and non metal and structure of photocatalyst and substrate. The photodegradation of organic compound have been studied by the several scientists and conclude the optimum conditions for the photodegradation of organic compound.The photodegradation of organic compounds was found maximum at low concentration of organic substrate with optimum amount of photocatalyst. The pH of the solution is also affect the photodegradation of organic substrate. The Titania show the maximum adsorption at low pH hence the photodegradation also found maximum at low pH. The surface area is the crucial factor for the photodegradation of organic substrate. If we are increasing the surface area of photocatalyst, the photodegradation of organic substrate increase. This is because that the number of active site increased with increasing the surface area. The amount of photocatalyst is the primary requirement of any photocatalysis process. The amount of photocatalyst should be optimum, if we take the high amount of photocatalyst the photodegradation is decreased, if we take the low amount of photocatalyst the photodegradation also decreased. The doping of metal ions and non-metal ions affect the photodegradation of organic substrate. Therefore, we have to use the metal ions which increased the positive charge on the surface of photocatalyst. The temperature and irradiation of light also affect the photodegradation of organic substrate. For the maximum photodegradation, the photocatalytic reaction should perform at room temperature not greater than 80 °C. The light of irradiation should be used which exit the electron easily from valence band to conduction band or equal to band gap energy. Keywords: A Review on the Factors Affecting the Photocatalytic Degradation of Hazardous Materials 2/10Copyright: ©2017 Kumar et al. for the removal of pollutants at high concentrations. The biological treatments are very slow, dispose large amount of sludge and required strict control of proper pH and temperature [21]. In this regard photo catalytic processes have advantages for the removal of pollutants even at low concentration for industrial waste water [22]. Moreover in photo oxidation, complete oxidation of organic pollutants take place within few hours, even at ppb level, without formation of secondary hazardous products using highly active and cheap catalysts which can be used in specially design reactor systems [23].Ti...

Large diversity of micro flora and fauna are found in soil horizons. Microbial population in soil are determined by various factor such as soil depth, organic matter, porosity, oxygen and carbon dioxide concentration, soil PH, etc. Factors that influence microorganism role in nutrient building and cycling in soil and organic matter decomposition are of unique interest. Microorganisms decompose organic matter, detoxifying the toxic substance, fixing the nitrogen, transformation of nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium and other secondary & micro nutrients are the major biochemical activities performed by microbes in soil. Low population of microorganism is found in the compact soil, soil with low organic matter percentage and on deeper strata of soil. So, this paper was reviewed to explore major factors that influence soil microbial population and its role in soil productivity. This was already established fact but main aim of this paper is to collect related information and conclude the future research prospects to strengthen the microorganism role in soil productivity and factor that influence growth of microorganism.

Cancer is one of the major cause of death worldwide. Malignant cells display metabolic changes, when compared to normal cells, because of both genetic and epigenetic alterations. Number of drugs being used for the cancer treatment follows different mechanisms of action. Therapeutic strategies include targeting of drugs at specific genes or proteins/enzymes found in cancer cells or the internal tissue environment which contributes to growth and survival of these cells. Targeted therapy is often used along with chemotherapy and other treatments to restrict the growth and spread of cancer cells. During the past few decades, targeted therapy has emerged as a promising approach for the development of selective anticancer agents. There is a class of targeted therapy drugs called angiogenesis inhibitors which focus on blocking the development of new blood vessels in tumor tissues. In addition, anticancer drugs also include DNA intercalators, DNA synthesis inhibitors, transcription regulators, enzyme inhibitors etc. This review focuses on major classes of anticancer drug targets and their therapeutic importance.

Seven different strains of Trichoderma are isolated from wilt infected leguminous crops of an Indian state and tested for their antagonistic activity against Fusarium (soil borne pathogen) which is expressed as a zone of inhibition in the culture plates. The seven strains are identified as Trichoderma viride, T. harzianum, T. asperellum, T. koningii, T. atroviride, T. longibrachiatum, and T. virens. Upon successful identification, morphological description and sequencing of the isolated strains with the help of universal ITS primers, the sequences are submitted to NCBI and allotted with the accession numbers JX119211, KC800922, KC800921, KC800924, KC008065, JX978542 and KC800923, respectively. Genetic variability studies reveal that a percentage of polymorphism in SSRs is obtained within the seven strains of Trichoderma species which is comparatively higher (>77%) than with RAPD primers (~50%). This study aims at selecting the best strain of Trichoderma species (Trichoderma viride 01PP) and then preparing a simple bioformulation that is cheap, easy to apply and readily accessible to the farmers. Shelf life of the prepared bioformulation is even checked for 180 days and it is concluded that the number of propagules start declining from 30 th day onwards when the bioformulation is prepared in talc as a carrier material.

Multiple Myeloma (MM) is malignant haematological disease characterized by uncontrolled proliferation of monoclonal plasma cells (PC) in bone marrow (BM). The receptor, CXCR4 is widely expressed on hematopoietic cells including MM cells and respond to CXCL12 gradients for mobilization through blood stream and bone marrow. CXCL12 plays an important role in recruitment of MM cells to bone marrow microenvironment and formation of neoangiogenic niches supporting tumor growth, survival and metastasis. The integral role of this chemokine-receptor axis in development of MM makes it a desirable target for therapeutics. In this review, we outline the background on MM and role of specific chemokine CXCL12 in the disease with an attempt to highlight the targeted therapeutics for its signaling receptor CXCR4 in MM.