Adsorption of n-Butanol from Dilute Aqueous Solution with Grafted Calixarenes

Abstract

INTRODUCTIONFermentation-derived butanol is a potential renewable fuel that has several advantages over other biofuels, including a higher energy density than ethanol and better solubility with current hydrocarbon fuels because of its relative nonpolarity. However, the recovery of the product from ABE fermentation broths is complicated by the low concentrations inherently yielded by the fermentation process because of the cytotoxicity of Clostridium acetobutylicum strains. 1 Because the normal boiling point of butanol is higher than that of water, the traditional recovery method of distillation requires high energy inputs from water boilup and is further complicated by a heterogeneous azeotrope at 365 K. 2 Overall, the energy demand is of comparable magnitude to the energy content of the product itself. 3 Common alternatives to distillation include pervaporation, liquidÀliquid extraction, osmosis, and adsorption-based techniques. 1 Butanol recovery by adsorption is predicted to have an average energy demand that is ∼10% of the heat of combustion of butanol and is easily implemented. 1 Common adsorbents typically investigated are activated carbons, 3 zeolites, 4 and polymers. 5 These adsorbents are generally inexpensive and have good capacity but are limited in their ability to be modified systematically on the molecular length scale. The alternative approach pursued here is to synthesize solid materials modified with organic groups that act as adsorption sites. Cavitands (intrinsically microporous organic molecules such as calixarenes and cyclodextrins) immobilized on solid supports make up one subclass of such materials that has been used in sensing, chromatography, and the separation of contaminants from wastewater 6À12 but remains relatively unexplored in the context of biofuel separations. Advantages to this approach of materials design are that (i) the structure and number of adsorption sites are, in principle, known a priori and tunable, (ii) understanding the adsorption behavior of the hybrid material is aided by solution and solid-state cavitand/ guest complexation, and (iii) sites can be optimized for adsorption strength or selectivity independent of the optimization of the support for robustness and surface area.Herein is presented the synthesis, characterization, and analysis of a class of adsorbents consisting of hydroxycalixarenes immobilized directly onto chlorinated silica surfaces. 7 Although calixarene-based adsorbents or separation media are known, the materials described here are distinguished by the lack of a flexible organic tether or polymer chain typically employed to attach the calixarene to the surface. 13 These directly attached calixarenes ABSTRACT: Materials were synthesized for the recovery of nbutanol from dilute aqueous solutions, as may be useful for applications in biofuelÀwater separations. These materials are composed of hydrophobic, cavity-containing calixarenes covalently bound directly to porous, hydrophilic silica supports through a Si linker atom rather than a flexible orga...

Comparative Study of Tributyltin Adsorption onto Mesoporous Silica Functionalized with Calix[4]arene, p-tert-Butylcalix[4]arene and p-Sulfonatocalix[4]arene

“…These results suggested that differences in the adsorption between materials were largely influence by the non-specific van der Waals interactions occurring between the n-butyl chain of the butyl group in TBT, as well as the alkyl R groups on the calixarene upper rim. This is consistent with the results found by Thompson et al [36].…”

“…The first layer capacity was defined as the calixarene loading, while the second layer inherently represents all external adsorption sites, including those on the residual oxide surface, as well as any non-cavity sites associated with calixarenes (for example, on the outer surface of the tert-butyl groups). The latter also includes interstitial sites between adjacent grafted calixarenes [36]. A comparison of the materials MCM-TDI-C4, MCM-TDI-PC4 and MCM-TDI-C4S, in which the only difference in calixarene structure is the R group, shows that the uptake increased as the size of the hydrophobic R group changes from H to tert-butyl.…”

Selected applications of calixarene derivatives

“…73 To find an analogous relationship between calixarene polarity and adsorption strength, the Hammett constants were used. The computational results indicate that the cavity dehydration is the strongest driving force behind host-guest complexation in water.…”

“…73 Adsorption on these materials involved the exchange of solvent water molecules for adsorbate molecule within the calixarene cavity. For such hydrophobic calixarenes (R=H or alkyl) the adsorption is driven by weak intermolecular van der Waals forces.…”

Calixarene-engineered surfaces and separation science

“…In the proposed method, -OH groups on the surface of silica is turned into active -OSiCl 3 groups, and calixarene is attached to the surface over the nucleophilic attack of lower-rim phenolic -OH groups of calixarene [56]. As can be seen, in this methodology no spacer arm was used.…”