“…In addition to parenting styles, other dimensions of family functioning have also been linked to CPV. Specifically, family cohesion (Beckmann, 2019), a positive emotional climate (Pagani et al, 2003;Zhang et al, 2019) and assertive communication (Calvete et al, 2014a;Ibabe & Bentler, 2016;Ibabe et al, 2013) have all been identified in different studies as protective factors. With respect to the directionality of the relationships, longitudinal studies have confirmed the protective role of positive emotional climate (Pagani et al, 2003), and have indicated that exposure to direct or indirect violence in the nuclear family is a significant risk factor Beckmann, 2019;Beckmann et al, 2017;Del Hoyo-Bilbao et al, 2017) and predictor of CPV (Calvete, et al, 2020a, 2020b, Calvete et al, 2015b.…”