Adolescent standing postural response to backpack loads: a randomised controlled experimental study

Grimmer, Karen; Dansie, Brenton; Milanese, Steve; Pirunsan, Ubon; Trott, Patricia

doi:10.1186/1471-2474-3-10

Cited by 155 publications

(144 citation statements)

References 22 publications

(37 reference statements)

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“…The other ways of carrying then usually lead to unilateral overload (14) and may result in the onset of back pain (6) . Evidence points out that positioning the school backpack at the waist level would be the most recommended position to prevent postural displacements (15) .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Desvios posturais em escolares de uma cidade do Sul do Brasil

Bueno¹,

Rech

2013

Rev. paul. pediatr.

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Objective: To verify the prevalence of trunk postural deviations (lumbar hyperlordosis, dorsal kyphosis, and scoliosis) in scholars aged eight to 15 years-old from the city schools of Caxias do Sul, Southern Brazil.Method: A total of 864 students were evaluated in a crosssectional study. The variables studied were trunk postural rating by visual inspection; body mass index (weight and height); backpack weight on digital scale and how students used to carry the school supplies (questionnaire); gender; and age. Descriptive and bivariate statistics (prevalence ratio and confidence interval) were applied.Results: The prevalence of postural deviations was 16.6% for dorsal kyphosis, 27.9% for lumbar hyperlordosis, and 33.2% for scoliosis. The ages of eight to 12 years-old were a risk factor for lumbar hyperlordosis, tripling the chances of this outcome (3.41 prevalence ratio). The same age was a protective factor for dorsal kyphosis. Scholars of this age group presented 52% less chances for dorsal kyphosis. The female gender had 47% less chances of having dorsal kyphosis than males. Scoliotic attitude did not show significant association with the independent variables.Conclusions: These findings confirm the need for interventions by health and education professionals, seeking to correct bad postural habits, which could in the future cause irreversible damages.Key-words: school health; adolescent health; spine; posture. RESUMOObjetivo: Verificar a prevalência de desvios posturais do tronco (hiperlordose lombar, hipercifose dorsal e escoliose) em escolares de oito a 15 anos da rede municipal de ensino de Caxias do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil.Método: Avaliaram-se 864 estudantes, por meio de um estudo transversal. As variáveis estudadas foram análise postural do tronco por inspeção visual; índice de massa corpórea (peso e altura); peso da mochila (balança digital); a forma como os escolares transportavam o material escolar (questionário); sexo e idade. Foi utilizada estatística descritiva e bivariada, representada por razão de prevalência e intervalo de confiança.Resultados: As prevalências de desvios posturais observadas foram de 16,6% para hipercifose dorsal, 27,9% para hiperlordose lombar e 33,2% para atitude escoliótica. A idade de oito a 12 anos apresentou-se como fator de risco para hiperlordose lombar. Os escolares pertencentes a tal faixa etária demonstraram 3,41 vezes mais chance de ter o desfecho em questão. Para a hipercifose dorsal, a mesma idade mostrou-se como fator de proteção. Os estudantes 8-12 anos tiveram 52% menos chances de desenvolver hipercifose dorsal. O sexo feminino apresentou 47% menos chances de ter hipercifose dorsal em relação ao masculino. A atitude escoliótica não apresentou associação significativa com as variáveis independentes.Conclusões: Os achados confirmam a necessidade de intervenções por parte dos profissionais de saúde e educação, buscando corrigir hábitos inadequados de postura corporal, os quais, com o tempo, podem se agravar e causar danos irreversíveis.Palavras-chave...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Desvios posturais em escolares de uma cidade do Sul do Brasil

Bueno¹,

Rech

2013

Rev. paul. pediatr.

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“…19 With tissue tightness, body deformities and movement disorders among adults with CP, carrying a backpack at 10% BW may be too heavy. Findings from one of our pilot studies recommended a backpack carriage of 3 kg or less for adults with CP 26 ; another pilot study further limited the loading to 4 lb (~1.82kg) for participants with chronic LBP.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…13,16 Consequently, the trunk leaned forward so as to minimise the extension trunk moment during backpack carriage. 17,18 Grimmer et al 19 reported that this forward trunk lean was observed in case of backpack loading at 10% body weight (BW) or less. These findings helped to shape our understanding of the underlying mechanism and condition of backpack carriage in reducing back muscle activity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of load carriage on chronic low back pain in adults with cerebral palsy

Lai¹,

Chow²,

Tsang

et al. 2011

Prosthetics &Amp; Orthotics International

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Background: Chronic low back pain (LBP) is a common secondary musculoskeletal problem among adults with cerebral palsy (CP). This study investigated the feasibility of incorporating backpack carriage with daily production activities for relieving chronic LBP among adults with CP. Objectives: The effects of backpack carriage in relieving chronic LBP for adults with CP. Study Design: A multiple bivariate approach with convenience sampling. Methods: Nine adults with CP suffering from chronic LBP were scheduled to carry a 4 lb backpack at work for 60 minutes on weekdays for four consecutive weeks. The pain level was rated by the participants on an 11-point scale. Muscle activity of erector spinae was measured by surface electromyography. Results: Significant improvement in back pain was found immediately after the backpack carriage with no adverse effect reported. It was accompanied with significantly reduced erector spinae activity. Although the overall change in pain ratings across the study period was not significant, a decreasing trend with time was observed. Conclusions: The loaded backpack has the potential to serve as an 'orthosis' for immediate back pain relief among adults with CP. Its underlying mechanism can be attributed to a reduction in back muscle tension during the load carriage. Clinical relevanceResults obtained from this study can be used to develop active training protocol in the management of chronic low back pain among adults with cerebral palsy.

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“…This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of Granada (Spain). 24 Underweight=Less than the 5th percentile; Healthy weight=5th percentile to less than the 85th percentile; Overweight=85th to less than the 95th percentile; Obese=Equal to or greater than the 95th percentile. Before calculating BMI, obtain accurate height and weight measurements.…”

Section: Figure 1 Subjects By Chronological Age Groupsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Age and gender differences in Body Mass Index, ocular, and back disorders in 8-12-year old children

Ortega

González

Rodríguez

et al. 2011

jhse

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. The aim of this study was to determine levels of body mass index, spinal alterations, and ocular myopia in the Primary school population of the province of Granada (Spain) as well as any possible sex and age related variations. Two thousand nine hundred fifty-six children [1,481 boys (50.1%) and 1,475 girls (49.9%)] aged 9.61±1.21 years (8-12) from 19 schools in the province of Granada, took part in this study. The body height and body mass were measured and body mass index was calculated as general anthropometric parameters. Adams Test and Snellen's E test were used to detect spine alterations and visual acuity respectively. The results showed that 26.3% of the children were overweight or obese, 24.5% had spinal disorders (16% scoliosis and 8.5% hyperkyphosis; p<0.002), and 12.5% ocular disorders. Girls had higher rates of Underweight and obese than boys (p<0.000). Boys had higher rates of scoliosis than girls (p<0.002). No statistically differences were found in the use of corrective glasses between boys and girls. Children with hyperkyphosis were more obese. The results indicate the need to develop training and physical exercise programmes to prevent and treat child obesity, and spinal alterations.

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Adolescent standing postural response to backpack loads: a randomised controlled experimental study

Cited by 155 publications

References 22 publications

Desvios posturais em escolares de uma cidade do Sul do Brasil

Desvios posturais em escolares de uma cidade do Sul do Brasil

Effect of load carriage on chronic low back pain in adults with cerebral palsy

Age and gender differences in Body Mass Index, ocular, and back disorders in 8-12-year old children

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