Adolescent smoking trajectories and nicotine dependence

Abstract

The present study correlates empirically constructed prospective adolescent smoking trajectories with indicators of nicotine dependence assessed in adolescence and in adulthood. Excluding individuals who reported no smoking during repeat assessment (nonadopters), we identified five smoking trajectory groups: experimenters (n=116, 48.5%), late increasers (n=39, 16.3%), early increasers (n=37, 15.5%), quitters (n=22, 9.2%), and persistent smokers (n=25, 10.5%). Higher frequency of nicotine dependence symptoms in adolescence occurred in the quitters and persistent smokers groups, who smoked at higher levels relative to the experimenters, late increasers, and early increasers groups, who reported a similar frequency of nicotine dependence symptoms and smoked at low levels. Lifetime nicotine dependence was assessed in adulthood in lifetime daily smokers using the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) and the Nicotine Dependence Scale (NDS). Lifetime FTND levels were similar across trajectory groups. Relative to experimenters, all remaining smoking trajectory groups had higher NDS levels that were similar to one another. These results suggest that higher levels of adolescent nicotine dependence were associated with heavier smoking trajectory groups, and that regardless of trajectory group membership, smoking more than a few cigarettes per week throughout adolescence resulted in similar levels of lifetime nicotine dependence as measured by the FTND and NDS.

Reciprocal associations between cigarette consumption and DSM-IV nicotine dependence criteria in adolescent smokers

“…Correlatively, we documented that heavy smoking predicted a chronic trajectory of DSM-IV ND symptoms [11] . However, in a 15-year follow-up of adolescents, smoking trajectory group membership did not differentially predict adult ND levels [12] . The reverse influence of dependence on extensiveness of smoking has rarely been investigated.…”

Trajectories of injecting behavior in the Amsterdam Cohort Study among drug users

“…This methodology was applied in multiple research areas and distinct trajectories were described in relation to http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.08.020 0376-8716/© 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. alcohol use Schulenberg et al, 1996), smoking (Brook et al, 2008(Brook et al, , 2007Hu et al, 2008;Ingvar Rosendahl et al, 2008;Lessov-Schlaggar et al, 2008), drug use in general and joint use of multiple drugs Martino et al, 2008;Orlando et al, 2005;Wanner et al, 2006), and aggression, delinquency or social withdrawal (Broidy et al, 2003;Cjte et al, 2002;Huang et al, 2011;Lacourse et al, 2002Lacourse et al, , 2003Oh et al, 2008;Prendergast et al, 2010;Tremblay et al, 2005).…”

Relative Risks of Exposure to Different Smoking Models on the Development of Nicotine Dependence during Adolescence: A Five-Wave Longitudinal Study

“…According to the Social Learning Theory, the tendency to model or imitate behavior of others is an important determinant of human behavior [11], this applies also to smoking [2,9]. Exposure to smoking models might contribute to an acceleration of ND by increasing the intensity of smoking [12,13]. Besides evoking modeling behavior, smoking individuals may promote the development of ND also by providing adolescents with easy access to cigarettes, for instance by offering cigarettes [14], and by acting as cues that trigger craving [15].…”

“…We hypothesized that the influence of smoking friends would be stronger than the influence of parental smoking. In our analyses we controlled for possible confounding effects of adolescents' gender, education level, age of first smoking, and baseline smoking [12,16,20].…”