Adolescent drug exposure: A review of evidence for the development of persistent changes in brain function

Salmanzadeh, Hamed; Ahmadi-Soleimani, S. Mohammad; Pachenari, Narges; Azadi, Maryam; Halliwell, Robert F.; Rubino, Tiziana; Azizi, Hossein

doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.01.007

Cited by 97 publications

(77 citation statements)

References 257 publications

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“… 5 , 6 Although data are sparse, morphologic brain changes and related behavioral alterations—particularly in adolescents with prolonged amphetamine use—are also a concern. 7 , 8 , 9 In addition, although we did not conduct an analysis on drug quality, it is documented that rogue online pharmacies frequently sell substandard and falsified medications. 30 Consumers with and without valid prescriptions face risks when purchasing from rogue online pharmacies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… 4 Inherent to the abuse of amphetamines are risks including weight loss, cardiovascular events, psychological dependence, and morphologic brain changes. 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 Owing to its high potential for abuse, which could lead to severe psychological or physical dependence, Adderall is classified by the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) as a schedule II medication. 11…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characteristics of online pharmacies selling Adderall

Penley¹,

Chen²,

Eckel³

et al. 2021

Journal of the American Pharmacists Association

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Objectives: Adderall (amphetamine-dextroamphetamine) is a controlled substance with harmful adverse effects if abused or misused. We assessed the availability of Adderall from common search engines, and evaluated the safety and marketing characteristics of online pharmacies selling Adderall. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting and participants: From December 2019 to February 2020, the phrase "buy Adderall online" was queried in four search engines: Google (N ¼ 100), Bing (N ¼ 100), Yahoo (N ¼ 50) and DuckDuckGo (N ¼ 50). Online pharmacies that claimed to sell Adderall and had unique Uniform Resource Locators, were active, free-access, and in English language were included. Outcome measures: Online pharmacies were categorized as rogue, unclassified, or legitimate on the basis of LegitScript classifications. Safety and marketing characteristics, and costs were collected. Results: Of the 62 online pharmacies found to sell Adderall, 61 were rogue or unclassified. Across all rogue and unclassified online pharmacies, prescriptions were not required (100%), pharmacist services were not offered (100%), and quantity limits were not placed on the number of Adderall purchases (100%). Rogue and unclassified online pharmacies appealed to cost, offering price discounts (61%), bulk discounts (67%), and coupon codes (70%). Contrary to their claims, cheaper prices were available for all formulations and dosages of Adderall from GoodRx than from these online pharmacies. Rogue and unclassified online pharmacies promoted and enabled the illicit purchase of Adderall, appealing to privacy (74%), offering purchase through cryptocurrency (74%), and claiming registration or accreditation of their sites (33%). Conclusion: Rogue online pharmacies are pervasive in search engine results, enabling the illicit purchase of Adderall without a prescription. Consumers are at risk of purchasing Adderall, a medication with high abuse potential, from unsafe sources. Law enforcement, regulatory agencies, and search engines should work to further protect consumers from unregistered and illegitimate online pharmacies selling Adderall.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristics of online pharmacies selling Adderall

Penley¹,

Chen²,

Eckel³

et al. 2021

Journal of the American Pharmacists Association

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Adolescent alcohol consumption is a major public health concern because of its short- and long-term psychological, social, and physical health consequences [ 1 , 2 ]. Heavy alcohol drinking during adolescence has been associated with cognitive deficits in learning, attention, and communication skills, disruptions in memory, increased susceptibility for anxiety, and increased risks of substance use disorders later in life [ 3 ]. Further, alcohol substance use has been found to be associated with delinquency, unwanted pregnancy, and school failure [ 4 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Considering this high prevalence [ 5 , 7 ], and the health and social consequences of alcohol use [ 1 , 2 , 3 ], it is crucial to continue to focus on the prevention of alcohol consumption in adolescents. One of the novel approaches used in alcohol prevention is the usage of new technologies, such as virtual reality (VR).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

User Experiences with a Virtual Alcohol Prevention Simulation for Danish Adolescents

Guldager

Kjær

Lyk

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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This pilot study explores 31 Danish adolescent user experiences for the newly developed virtual party simulation app—Virtual Reality (VR) FestLab. The main objective of this study was to investigate usability for VR FestLab, which aims to improve alcohol resistance skills for Danish adolescents. A secondary objective was to understand gameplay experiences. The study is a mixed method study that draws on questionnaire data (n = 31) and focus group interviews (n = 10) of boarding school students participating in the pilot study. Descriptive statistics were used to examine quantitative data, and qualitative data were analyzed thematically. Quantitative findings indicated that gameplay experiences of the VR simulation were positive, and all User Experience Questionnaire (UEQ) items were answered positively. The focus group interviews showed that adolescents found the simulation to be realistic. Feedback indicated that the group pressure experienced in the simulation was regarded to be less than in real life. Adolescents had varying approaches to playing the VR simulation, they thought the quality of the simulation was good, and only a few users experienced technical difficulties. These initial study findings indicate that VR FestLab is a promising tool for the prevention of alcohol use among adolescents.

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“…Altogether, it has become clear that, because of the high plasticity of the brain, adolescence is a very sensitive period for the development of alcoholrelated behavioral impairments. However, although preventive programs and control policies have showed some success in reducing the detrimental effects of alcohol abuse on the adolescent brain, a better understanding of AAE-induced neurobiological and behavioral impact is needed to improve strategies for prevention, treatment and attenuation of the detrimental neuropsychiatric sequelae (21,22). Over the past years, rodent models have been used to study alcohol's impact on adolescent brain and consequent behavioral impairments.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adolescent alcohol binge-drinking induces delayed appearance of behavioral defects in mice

Hees

Didone

Charlet-Briar

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Adolescence is a developmental period characterized by significant changes in brain architecture and behaviors. The immaturity of the adolescent brain is associated with heightened vulnerability to exogenous agents, including alcohol. Alcohol is the most consumed drug among teenagers, and binge-drinking during adolescence is a major public health concern. Studies have suggested that, by interfering with brain maturation, adolescent alcohol exposure (AAE) may have profound and long-lasting behavioral consequences. In this study, we used an AAE model, in which adolescent male and female mice reach high blood alcohol concentration after voluntarily binge-drinking. In order to assess the short- and long-term consequences of AAE, a battery of behavioral tests was performed during late adolescence and adulthood. We showed that AAE had no short-term effect on young mice behaviors but rather increased anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors, as well as alcohol consumption during adulthood. Moreover, alcohol binge-drinking during adolescence dramatically decreased recognition memory performances and behavioral flexibility in both adult males and females. Our data suggest that AAE insidiously impairs adult behaviors, without any warning sign in late adolescence.

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Adolescent drug exposure: A review of evidence for the development of persistent changes in brain function

Cited by 97 publications

References 257 publications

Characteristics of online pharmacies selling Adderall

Characteristics of online pharmacies selling Adderall

User Experiences with a Virtual Alcohol Prevention Simulation for Danish Adolescents

Adolescent alcohol binge-drinking induces delayed appearance of behavioral defects in mice

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