Administration of a Polyphenol‐Enriched Feed to Farmed Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) Modulates Intestinal and Spleen Immune Responses

Abstract

Farmed fish are exposed to a continuous antigenic pressure by microbial and environmental agents, which may lead to a condition of chronic inflammation. In view of the notion that polyphenols, largely contained in fruits and vegetables, are endowed with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, farmed sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) have been administered with red grape polyphenol-enriched feed. Polyphenols were extracted from the seeds of Canosina Nero di Troia Vitis vinifera and mixed with conventional feed at two different concentrations (100 and 200 mg/kg, resp.). Fish samples collected at days 223 and 273, respectively, were evaluated for intestinal and spleen cytokine release as well as for spleen macrophage (MØ) and melanomacrophage center (MMC) areas and distribution. Data will show that in treated fish decrease of intestinal interleukin- (IL-) 1β and IL-6 and increase of splenic interferon- (IFN-) γ occur. On the other hand, in the spleen reduction of MØ number seems to parallel increase in MMCs. Collectively, these data suggest that polyphenol-administered sea bass generate lower levels of intestinal proinflammatory cytokines, while producing larger amounts of spleen IFN-γ, as an expression of a robust and protective adaptive immune response. Increase of MMCs corroborates the evidence for a protective spleen response induced by feed enriched with polyphenols.

Dietary combination of pawpaw seed and onion peel powder: Impact on growth, haematology, biochemical and antioxidant status of Clarias gariepinus

“…Various measures have been introduced over the years to proffer solutions to these negative effects such as the use of antibiotics, anthelmintic agents and hormones (Cabello, 2006; Fawole, Sahu, Pal, & Ravindran, 2016). However, the frequent use of antibiotic has led to the development of drug‐resistant pathogens, complications in human health, bioaccumulation and ecosystem pollution (Arciuli et al, 2017; Cabello, 2006; Magrone et al, 2016). Nevertheless, the needs for the production of antibiotic‐free animal protein and increased awareness of organic food have led to an upsurge in the use of medicinal plants or phytogenic as feed additive in aquaculture.…”

Chestnut Shell Extract Modulates Immune Parameters in the Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss

“…In conclusion, the findings of this study demonstrate that CSE was able to modulate immunological parameters in the blood and intestinal non-adherent leukocytes of rainbow trout and sustain the anti-inflammatory role exercised by bioactive molecules, among which were polyphenols, in fish [71,83]. Certainly, part of the biological activity could be ascribed to the presence in CSE of GA and derivatives, whose anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiviral, and anticancer properties are known [72,83,84].…”

Effect of dietary intake of phenolic compounds from mango peel extract on growth, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme activities in zebrafish (Danio rerio)

“…Another study indicated that dietary administration of an olive oil extract rich in tyrosol and hydroxytyrosol decreased MDA levels in muscle of gilthead sea bream (Sicuro et al, 2010). The majority of the available reports on PCs in aquaculture have mainly focused on their use as immunostimulants (Nootash et al, 2013;Magrone et al, 2016). Our data suggest that MPE PCs significantly mitigate lipid peroxidation in zebrafish, which merits further investigation in fish that are used for human consumption to validate their use as feed supplements conclusively.…”