Adjuvants — a balance between toxicity and adjuvanticity

Gupta, Rajesh K.; Relyveld, E. H.; Lindblad, Erik B.; Bizzini, B; Ben-Efraim, Shlomo; Gupta, C. K.

doi:10.1016/0264-410x(93)90190-9

Cited by 499 publications

(274 citation statements)

References 157 publications

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“…They act through slow release of antigen adsorbed at their surface due to depot formation at the injection site. Aluminium compounds activate complements that may lead to local inflammatory responses, thus facilitating role in development of B cell memory (6).…”

Section: Aluminium Saltsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Allison and Gregoriadis first described the use of liposomes as immunoadjuvants in 1974 (12). Since then many studies have confirmed their capacity to enhance the immune response to various antigens (6,13). Parenterally injected tiposomes are rapidly ingested by macrophages particularly in the liver and spleen, where they are gradually degraded in lysosomal vacuoles (14).…”

Section: Liposomesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…MDP is considered toxic, especially pyrogenic for human use (6). A number of derivatives of MDP are being developed that retain its adjuvanticity but are devoid of its toxicity.…”

Section: Glycoproteins and Peptides Of Microbial Originmentioning

confidence: 99%

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New age adjuvants and delivery systems for subunit vaccines

Koduri

Manocha

Sabhnani

et al. 2000

Indian J Clin Biochem

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The dramatic advancements in the field of vaccinology has led to the formulation of chemically well defined vaccines composed of synthetic peptides and recombinant proteins derived from the immunologically dominant regions of the pathogens. Though these subunit vaccines are safer compared to the traditional vaccines they are known to be poorly immunogenic. This necessitates the use of adjuvants to enhance the immunogenicity of these vaccine formulations. The most common adjuvant for human use is alum. Research in the past has focused on the development of systemic immunity using conventional immunization protocols. In the present era, the emphasis is on the development and formulation of alternative adjuvants and delivery systems in generating systemic as well as mucosal immunity. This review mainly focuses on a variety of adjuvants (particulate as well as non-particulate) used with protective antigens of HIV, malaria, plague, leprosy using modified delivery vehicles. The experience of our laboratory and other researchers in this field clearly proves that these new age adjuvants and delivery systems undoubtedly generate enhanced immune response -both humoral and cell mediated. The choice of antigens, the nature of adjuvant used and the mode of delivery employed have a profound effect on the type of immune response generated. Besides the quantity, the quality of the antibodies generated also play a vital role in protection against these diseases. Some of the adjuvants and delivery systems used promoted high titre and affinity antibodies, which were shown to be cytophilic in nature, an important criteria in providing protection to the host. Thus the studies on these adjuvants/ delivery systems with respect to various infectious diseases indicate their active role in efficient modulation of immune response along with safety and permissiblity.

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Section: Aluminium Saltsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Liposomesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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New age adjuvants and delivery systems for subunit vaccines

Koduri

Manocha

Sabhnani

et al. 2000

Indian J Clin Biochem

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“…Adjuvants are used for improving the specific immune response to vaccine antigens and for induction of immunological memory [1,2]. The addition of adjuvants to vaccine formulations makes it possible to reduce the amount of antigen and the number of immunizations needed, while improving the magnitude and the duration of the specific immune response.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The addition of adjuvants to vaccine formulations makes it possible to reduce the amount of antigen and the number of immunizations needed, while improving the magnitude and the duration of the specific immune response. However, the majority of adjuvants are not accepted for use in humans [2]. Although several potential adjuvants are in experimental stages, the only licensed adjuvant in use for humans in the United States is aluminum and calcium salts [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The PorB porin from commensal Neisseria lactamica induces Th1 and Th2 immune responses to ovalbumin in mice and is a potential immune adjuvant

Liu

Wetzler

Massi

2008

Vaccine

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Porins from pathogenic Neisseriae are among several bacterial products with immune adjuvant activity. N. meningitidis (Nme) PorB, has been shown to induce immune cells activation in a TLR2-dependent manner and acts as a vaccine immune adjuvant. The PorB porin from Neisseria lactamica (Nlac), a common nasopharyngeal commensal shares significant structural and functional similarities with Nme PorB. In this work we ask whether the immune adjuvant ability of porins from pathogenic Neisserial strains is a characteristic shared with porins from non-pathogenic Neisserial species or whether it is unique for bacterial products derived from microorganisms capable of inducing inflammation and disease. We evaluate the potential immune adjuvant effect of Nlac PorB in mice using ovalbumin (OVA) as a prototype antigen. Immunization with Nlac PorB/OVA induced high OVA-specific IgG and IgM titers compared to OVA alone, similar to other adjuvants such as Nme PorB and alum. High titers of IgG1 and IgG2b were detected as well as production of IL-4, IL-10, IL-12 and INF-γ in response to Nlac PorB, consistent with induction of both a Th1-type and a Th2-type immune response. OVA-specific proliferation was also determined in splenocytes from Nlac PorB/OVA immunized mice. In addition, B cell activation in vitro and cytokine production in response to Nlac PorB was found to be mediated by TLR2, in a similar manner to Nme PorB.

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