Adjustment and Assessment of the Measurements of Low and High Sampling Frequencies of GPS Real-Time Monitoring of Structural Movement

Abstract

Global Positioning System (GPS) structural health monitoring data collection is one of the important systems in structure movement monitoring. However, GPS measurement error and noise limit the application of such systems. Many attempts have been made to adjust GPS measurements and eliminate their errors. Comparing common nonlinear methods used in the adjustment of GPS positioning for the monitoring of structures is the main objective of this study. Nonlinear Adaptive-Recursive Least Square (RLS), extended Kalman filter (EKF), and wavelet principal component analysis (WPCA) are presented and applied to improve the quality of GPS time series observations. Two real monitoring observation systems for the Mansoura railway and long-span Yonghe bridges are utilized to examine suitable methods used to assess bridge behavior under different load conditions. From the analysis of the results, it is concluded that the wavelet principal component is the best method to smooth low and high GPS sampling frequency observations. The evaluation of the bridges reveals the ability of the GPS systems to detect the behavior and damage of structures in both the time and frequency domains.

A Review of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)-Based Dynamic Monitoring Technologies for Structural Health Monitoring

“…In addition, the power spectrum with time and frequency information obtained by wavelet transformation can be directly used for change detection. In Kaloop et al [46,147], DWT is tuned to detect abrupt changes in the response by decomposing the RTK-GPS result into approximate (low-frequency) and detailed (high-frequency) components, and the time-frequency map of the RTK-GPS results is generated by the CWT to analyze changes in structures' natural frequencies.…”

Recent Advances of Structures Monitoring and Evaluation Using GPS-Time Series Monitoring Systems: A Review

“…The main advantage of the DGPS is the improvement of the measurements with low errors. The DGPS technique uses base and rover receivers where the data processing is divided into post-process and real-time kinematic (RTK) [26,36,38,56]. Moschas and Stiros [3] presented the assessment of dynamic behavior based on RTK monitoring system as follows: The data analyzed in part came from a GPS (rover) receiver positioned at the mid-span of the bridge at the top of the truss.…”

“…Recently, with the development of GPS sampling frequency, the studies stated that GPS noises and errors can be eliminated using wavelet analysis [10,15,27]. Details of the wavelet analysis process of the GPS can be found in [56,59]. …”

“…As such, this can push the limits of the GNSS application to stiff structures monitoring and identification with natural frequencies of 6 Hz and movements of a few millimeters only, representing the majority of structures. Moreover, many studies used the 10 to 20 Hz sampling frequencies of the GPS monitoring systems applications for the different cases of structures performances evaluations [3,18,19,25,52,[55][56][57][58][59].…”

Structural Health Monitoring and Time-Dependent Effects Analysis of Self-Anchored Suspension Bridge with Extra-Wide Concrete Girder

“…Alavi [13][14][15] presented a smart self-powered wireless sensor system and a data interpretation algorithm to detect the structural damages. Kaloop [16] compared three common nonlinear methods that are used in the adjustment of Global Positioning System (GPS) positioning to improve the quality of GPS time series observations. Kumberg [17] presented a novel SHM system based on the global navigation satellite system receivers to determine the modal properties of the Neckartal Bridge.…”