Adipose Tissue-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Abstract

The long-held belief about adipose tissue was that it was relatively inert in terms of biological activity. It was believed that its primary role was energy storage; however, that was shattered with the discovery of adipokines. Scientists interested in regenerative medicine then reported that adipose tissue is rich in adult stromal/stem cells. Following these initial reports, adipose stem cells (ASCs) rapidly garnered interest for use as potential cellular therapies. The primary advantages of ASCs compared to other mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) include the abundance of the tissue source for isolation, the ease of methodologies for tissue collection and cell isolation, and their therapeutic potential. Studies conducted both in vitro and in vivo have demonstrated that ASCs are multipotent, possessing the ability to differentiate into cells of mesodermal origins, including adipocytes, chondrocytes, osteoblast and others. Moreover, ASCs produce a broad array of cytokines, growth factors, nucleic acids (miRNAs), and other macromolecules into the surrounding milieu by secretion or in the context of microvesicles. The secretome of ASCs has been shown to alter tissue biology, stimulate tissue-resident stem cells, change immune cell activity, and mediate therapeutic outcomes. The quality of ASCs is subject to donor-to-donor variation driven by age, body mass index, disease status and possibly gender and ethnicity. This review discusses adipose stromal/stem cell action mechanisms and their potential utility as cellular therapeutics.

Role and Function of Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Fibroblast in Cutaneous Wound Healing

“…Furthermore, adipose tissue-derived MSCs should be negative for hematopoietic cell surface antigens, including CD11b, CD13, CD14, CD19, and CD45. They are also negative for endothelial markers CD31 and HLA-DR [ 85 ]. From a clinical standpoint, adipose tissue-derived MSCs and bone marrow-derived MSCs are considered to have similar capabilities with some molecular differences (immunophenotype, differentiation potential, transcriptome, proteome, and immunomodulatory activity).…”

The Emerging Use of ASC/Scaffold Composites for the Regeneration of Osteochondral Defects

“…This is consistent with their ability to regenerate bone, fat, and cartilage in vivo . While there have been reports of ASC differentiation along non-mesodermal lineages (neurons, cardiomyocytes, and hepatocytes), the efficiency of non-mesodermal lineage ASC differentiation in vivo remains less well documented ( Bunnell, 2021 ).…”

“…The ASCs’ mesenchymal differentiation capability is supported by a substantial body of literature demonstrating the efficacy and potential utility of ASCs for OC regeneration and defect repair ( Bunnell, 2021 ). Since the direct application of ASCs to bone is hampered because of the stiffness and dry nature of the tissue, ASCs seeded on a scaffold presents a more practical mode of cell transplantation.…”

Study on Exosomes Promoting the Osteogenic Differentiation of ADSCs in Graphene Porous Titanium Alloy Scaffolds

“…Adipose stem cells (ADSCs) are mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) isolated from adipose tissue ( Bunnell, 2021 ). In recent years, numerous studies have been performed on ADSCs in the field of bone regeneration which confirmed that ADSCs have the potential to differentiate into adipocytes, osteoblasts, and chondrocytes.…”