Adiponectin: Probe of the molecular paradigm associating diabetes and obesity

Abstract

Type 2 diabetes is an emerging health challenge all over the world as a result of urbanization, high prevalence of obesity, sedentary lifestyle and other stress related factors compounded with the genetic prevalence. The health consequences and economic burden of the obesity and related diabetes mellitus epidemic are enormous. Different signaling molecules secreted by adipocytes have been implicated in the development of obesity and associated insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes. Human adiponectin, a 244-amino acid collagen-like protein is solely secreted by adipocytes and acts as a hormone with anti-inflammatory and insulin-sensitizing properties. Adiponectin secretion, in contrast to secretion of other adipokines, is paradoxically decreased in obesity which may be attributable to inhibition of adiponectin gene transcription. There are several mechanisms through which adiponectin may decrease the risk of type 2 diabetes, including suppression of hepatic gluconeogenesis, stimulation of fatty acid oxidation in the liver, stimulation of fatty acid oxidation and glucose uptake in skeletal muscle, and stimulation of insulin secretion. To date, no systematic review has been conducted that evaluate the potential importance of adiponectin metabolism in insulin resistance. In this review attempt has been made to explore the relevance of adiponectin metabolism for the development of diabetes mellitus. This article also identifies this novel target for prospective therapeutic research aiming successful management of diabetes mellitus.

Association between serum adiponectin levels and muscular fitness in Portuguese adolescents: LabMed Physical Activity Study

“…Adiponectin has been proposed to be a cytokine with protective properties, but surrounded by controversy 17,33,34 . Recently, it has emerged an interestingly facet showing that adiponectin is also a myokine, being produced and released by skeletal muscle 10 .…”

Aging human body: changes in bone, muscle and body fat with consequent changes in nutrient intake

“…Furthermore, adiponectin has anti-inflammatory effects inhibiting the action of TNF-α and IL-8 (Ghoshal & Bhattacharyya 2015). To further connect adiposity, inflammation and adiponection, hypoadiponectinemia (<4 μg/mL) is positively associated with visceral fat and obesity-related diseases (Kishida et al 2014).…”

“…Adiponectin is involved in fat metabolism and may inhibit obesity by increasing fatty acid oxidation in adipose tissue by activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation and in muscle by P38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) alpha (Yoon et al 2006, Lecke et al 2011, Ghoshal & Bhattacharyya 2015. Furthermore, adiponectin has anti-inflammatory effects inhibiting the action of TNF-α and IL-8 (Ghoshal & Bhattacharyya 2015).…”

Association of COL4A3 (rs55703767), MMP-9 (rs17576)and TIMP-1 (rs6609533) gene polymorphisms with susceptibility to type 2 diabetes

“…T2D is a growing health challenge worldwide and is the most widespread form of diabetes (26). T2D is characterized by hyperglycemia and results from a combination of resistance to insulin action and insufficient insulin secretion (27).…”