Platelets are small anucleate cell fragments that circulate in blood playing crucial role in managing vascular integrity and regulating hemostasis. Platelets are also involved in the fundamental biological process of chronic inflammation associated with disease pathology. Platelet indices like mean platelets volume (MPV), platelets distributed width (PDW), and platelet crit (PCT) are useful as cheap noninvasive biomarkers for assessing the diseased states. Dynamic platelets bear distinct morphology, where α and dense granule are actively involved in secretion of molecules like GPIIb , IIIa, fibrinogen, vWf, catecholamines, serotonin, calcium, ATP, ADP, and so forth, which are involved in aggregation. Differential expressions of surface receptors like CD36, CD41, CD61 and so forth have also been quantitated in several diseases. Platelet clinical research faces challenges due to the vulnerable nature of platelet structure functions and lack of accurate assay techniques. But recent advancement in flow cytometry inputs huge progress in the field of platelets study. Platelets activation and dysfunction have been implicated in diabetes, renal diseases, tumorigenesis, Alzheimer's, and CVD. In conclusion, this paper elucidates that platelets are not that innocent as they keep showing and thus numerous novel platelet biomarkers are upcoming very soon in the field of clinical research which can be important for predicting and diagnosing disease state.

Type 2 diabetes is an emerging health challenge all over the world as a result of urbanization, high prevalence of obesity, sedentary lifestyle and other stress related factors compounded with the genetic prevalence. The health consequences and economic burden of the obesity and related diabetes mellitus epidemic are enormous. Different signaling molecules secreted by adipocytes have been implicated in the development of obesity and associated insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes. Human adiponectin, a 244-amino acid collagen-like protein is solely secreted by adipocytes and acts as a hormone with anti-inflammatory and insulin-sensitizing properties. Adiponectin secretion, in contrast to secretion of other adipokines, is paradoxically decreased in obesity which may be attributable to inhibition of adiponectin gene transcription. There are several mechanisms through which adiponectin may decrease the risk of type 2 diabetes, including suppression of hepatic gluconeogenesis, stimulation of fatty acid oxidation in the liver, stimulation of fatty acid oxidation and glucose uptake in skeletal muscle, and stimulation of insulin secretion. To date, no systematic review has been conducted that evaluate the potential importance of adiponectin metabolism in insulin resistance. In this review attempt has been made to explore the relevance of adiponectin metabolism for the development of diabetes mellitus. This article also identifies this novel target for prospective therapeutic research aiming successful management of diabetes mellitus.

Based on excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) and chelation induced enhanced fluorescence (CHEF) machanisms, a new fluorescence ratiometric probe for Al 3+ was designed and synthesized and its structure was confirmed through single crystal X-ray study. This probe is capable to show excited state intramolecular proton transfer through two different pathways. Introduction of Al 3+ in the mixed aqueous solution of the probe exhibits abrupt change in the photophysical properties. A ratiometric emission profile was noticed in presence of Al 3+ . Interestingly, the presence of other metal ions (specially trivalent ions e. g. Fe 3+ , Cr 3+ , Ga 3+ and In 3+ ) do not perturb the fluorescence intensity of the probe (except Cu 2+ and Pb 2+ , slight changes were noticed). This indicates that the probe shows high affinity towards Al 3+ . The ratiometric sensing phenomenon may be explained as the presence of two different mechanism namely excited state intramolecular proton transfer and chelation induced enhanced fluorescence, showed by the probe in presence of Al 3+ in the excited state. The complexation of the probe with Al 3+ inhibits excited state intramolecular proton transfer while the chelation induced enhanced fluorescence mechanism come to play. The probe was efficient to detect the cellular uptake of Al 3+ , which is demonstrated here with human blood-cell imaging. Moreover the detection limit was found to be 6.72 × 10 -8 M.We have synthesised a probe for fluorescence ratiometric detection of Al 3+ . The probe can image Al 3+ in living cells.

A new visible-light-excitable fluorescence ratiometric probe for OCl(-) has been developed based on a triphenylamine-diamiomaleonitrile (TAM) moiety. The structure of the dye was confirmed by single-crystal X-ray analysis. It behaves as a highly selective and sensitive probe for OCl(-) over other analytes with a fast response time (∼100 s). OCl(-) reacts with the probe leading to the formation of the corresponding aldehyde in a mixed-aqueous system. The detection limit of the probe is in the 10(-8) M range. The probe (TAM) also exhibits solvatofluorochromism. Changing the solvent from non-polar to polar, the emission band of TAM largely red-shifted. Moreover, the probe shows an excellent performance in real-life application in detecting OCl(-) in human blood cells. The experimentally observed changes in the structure and electronic properties of the probe after reaction with OCl(-) were studied by DFT and TDDFT computational calculations.

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A rapid fluorescent probe based on the conjugate of chromone and benzothiazole moiety was presented, which could selectively respond to HSO3– over other common anions and thiols. The function of the probe relies on nucleophilic addition to break down the π-conjugation. The probe can be used as a signal tool to determine HSO3– levels in sugar-based food and living cells.

A newly designed and synthesized probe showed good cell permeability, low cytotoxicity, fast fluorogenic recognition, and “naked-eye” detection of a lethal health hazard, hydrazine, even at concentrations significantly below the TLV levels present in living cells, drinking water and industrial effluent.

A rhodamine–quinoline based chemodosimeter (RHQ) has been designed, synthesized and characterized in this paper.