Adipokine Profiling in Adult Women With Central Obesity and Hypertension

Abstract

Central obesity and hypertension are common risk factors for the metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular and renal diseases. Studies have shown that it is more difficult to control blood pressure and prevent end-organ damage in obese individuals with hypertension compared to their non-obese counterparts, especially among women. Obese females have a 6 times higher risk of developing hypertension than non-obese females while obese males are at a 1.5 times higher risk of developing hypertension, compared to their non-obese counterparts. Indeed, the inter-relationship between obesity and hypertension is unclear. Adipokines have been proposed to play a mediating role in the relationship between obesity and hypertension and are involved in the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases. Therefore, this study sought to determine the role of adipokines (adiponectin, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, leptin, and tumor necrosis factor-α) in hypertensive Hong Kong Chinese women with central obesity. A total of 387 women aged 58 ± 11 years who were examined with a 2 × 2 factorial design for central obesity (waist circumference ≥ 80 cm) and hypertension (blood pressure ≥ 140/90 mmHg), were recruited from a pool of 1,492 Hong Kong Chinese adults who were previously screened for metabolic syndrome. Subjects with hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and dyslipidemia were excluded to eliminate confounding effects. Our findings revealed that hypertensive women with central obesity had a lower anti-inflammatory status (adiponectin) and a higher pro-inflammatory status (TNF-α) than obese alone or hypertensive alone women. Also, women with central obesity had higher circulatory PAI-1 and leptin concentrations than their non-obese counterparts. We conclude that obesity may shift toward a more pro-inflammatory state and may become more severe in the presence of hypertension or vice versa.

Adipokines demonstrate the interacting influence of central obesity with other cardiometabolic risk factors of metabolic syndrome in Hong Kong Chinese adults

“…Fluctuations in circulating adipokines linked to MetS have been reported in Asian populations [ 30 – 32 ]. Researchers suggested that the aggregation of MetS risk factors decreases serum adiponectin level and increases leptin and female RBP-4 levels.…”

Association of WISP1/CCN4 with Risk of Overweight and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in Chinese Pregnant Women

“…WISP1 has recently been recognized as a novel adipokine, a biologically active polypeptide secreted by adipocytes and adipose tissue immune cells [29]. Adipokines have been proposed as the link between obesity and GDM, which is related to the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases [30]. Our results indicated that the plasma concentration of WISP1 was higher in prepregnancy overweight/obesity women with GDM than healthy and overweight or GDM alone women.…”

Emergent Anthropometric Indices in Differential Prediction of Prehypertension and Hypertension in Mexican Population: Results according to Age and Sex

“…Other emergent anthropometric indices related to adiposity have been consistently reported as predictors of HTN in women of other populations, among them we found that BAI > WHHR > ABSI [ 23 ], BRI > ABSI [ 13 , 14 ], AVI > BRI [ 16 ], CI > BAI [ 18 ], CI [ 39 , 45 , 46 , 50 ], and PI > BAI for preHTN [ 20 ]. The predictive value of indices related to central obesity can be explained by several mechanisms, including the biological function of adipokines and cytokines, such as adiponectin, tumor necrosis factor- α , and leptin, principally in woman [ 51 ] by the stimulation of the renin-angiotensin system, considered one of the essential mechanisms in obesity-related HTN [ 52 ].…”