Adenovirus and Rotavirus Associated Diarrhoea in under 5 Children from Enugu Rural Communities, South East Nigeria

Abstract

Globally, diarrhoea is the second commonest infectious cause of death in children less than 5 years old. It is estimated that more than one billion diarrhoea episodes occur every year causing up to 700,000 deaths among children younger than 5 years of age. Seventy-two percent of these deaths occur in children below two years and enteric viruses have been recognized as a major cause of childhood diarrhoea. This study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of enteric Adenoviruses and Rotaviruses in children with diarrhoea in rural Enugu communities of Enugu State South East Nigeria. Methods: Stool samples were collected from children less than 5 years with diarrhoea seen in any of the participating hospitals in Enugu State. Samples were collected between June 2015 and May 2017. Detection of rotavirus and enteric adenovirus antigens were performed using commercially available ELISA kit (Oxoid-ProspecT®). Demographic data of the children were also collected. Results: Of the 290 stool samples that had sufficient materials for adenovirus and rotavirus ELISA, 14 (4.8%) and 89 (30.7%) were positive for enteric adenovirus and rotavirus respectively. 3 (1%) were co-infected with adenovirus and rotavirus. Rotavirus positive cases were more among hospitalized patients while enteric adenovirus was more among outpatients. Marked peaks of rotavirus positivity were seen in January of each year but no peak was seen among adenovirus positive cases. Higher vomiting frequencies and severe dehydration were more among rotavirus positive cases compared to adenovirus positive cases (p = 0.030 and 0.001 respectively). Conclusion: Many diarrhoea cases among children aged <5 in the population studied were associated with enteric adenoviruses and rotavirus. This finding suggests that en

Childhood diarrhoeal diseases in developing countries

“…Viruses such as rotaviruses and calciviruses that damage the intestinal epithelium also cause fluid loss. Besides, they have more tendency to cause fever, vomiting and watery stools without blood and mucus (Tagbo et al, 2019). Usually, cases of watery diarrhoea run an acute but brief (1-3 days) self-limiting duration.…”

“…Children below five years of age have the most at risk from foodborne pathogens, including Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157, Campylobacter, Shigella, Yersinia, Salmonella, and Cryptosporidium (Liu et al, 2014a, b;Kotloff, 2017). In the past few decades, the awareness in handwashing has tremendously reduced the burden of diarrhoea caused by enteric bacteria and protozoans, yet, it has less impact on diarrhoea caused by viruses (Tagbo et al, 2019).…”

Enteric pathogens associated with gastroenteritis among children under 5 years in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis

“…Out of the 1251 results pooled from unique searches, 23 [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26] of them met the criteria for the selection of studies. Of the 23 studies that were included, ∼69.6% (16/23) were cross-sectional studies while 30.4% (7/17) [12, 19-22, 24, 27] were case control studies but only five [12,19,20,22,24] reported the necessary data to be added to the case-control analysis.…”

Principales agentes etiológicos de las enfermedades diarreicas agudas infantiles en Chimborazo, Ecuador

“…Nuestros resultados concuerdan con los datos de Farfán et al, (2020) quienes detectaron patógenos entéricos en niños menores de 5 años, encontrando que los principales microorganismos causantes de enfermedades gastrointestinales son virus, especialmente norovirus y rotavirus; bacterias como Escherichia coli enterotoxigénica y parásitos como Cryptosporidium. En ese contexto, estudios afirman que la mayoría de las diarreas bacterianas entéricas son originadas por cepas de Escherichia coli, Salmonella y Shigella, entre otras; y sugieren que el incremento de hábitos higiénicos respecto al lavado de manos ha disminuido los episodios diarréicos causados por bacterias entéricas y protozoos, pero han tenido menos impacto sobre las infecciones causadas por virus (Tagbo et al, 2019;Ugboko et al, 2020).…”