Childhood diarrhoeal diseases in developing countries

Ugboko, Harriet U.; Nwinyi, Obinna; Oranusi, S. U.; Oyewale, John O.

doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03690

Cited by 107 publications

(75 citation statements)

References 167 publications

(189 reference statements)

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“…Diarrhoeal disease is the second leading cause of death in children under five years old and is responsible for killing around 525 000 children every year [2]. Childhood diarrhoea affecting children five years old and below accounts for approximately 63% of diarrhoea burden [3,4] and is the second significant cause of infant mortality in developing nations [2,[5][6][7], where poor sanitation and insufficient potable water are lacking [8,9]. In Southwest Nigeria, diarrhoea is one of the three most prevalent water-related diseases, the others being typhoid fever and cholera [10,11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk Factors of Diarrhoea among Children Under Five Years in Southwest Nigeria

Ugboko

Nwinyi

Oranusi

et al. 2021

International Journal of Microbiology

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Diarrhoea is the passage of three or more loose or liquid stools per day or more frequent passage than is normal for an individual. Diarrhoea alters the microbiome, thus the immune system, and is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in young children. This study evaluated the association between the risk factors and diarrhoea prevalence among children under five years in Lagos and Ogun States, located in Southwest Nigeria. Participants included 280 women aged 15–49 years and children aged 0–59 months. The study used quantitative data, which were assessed by a structured questionnaire. Data obtained were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences Software Version 25.0 and Microsoft Excel 2013. The relationships and/or association between variables were evaluated using Pearson's Chi Square and logistic regression tests. One hundred and eighteen (42%) of the children were male, and 162 (58%) were female. The majority of the children belonged to the age group 0–11 months (166). Age ( p = 0.113 ) and gender ( p = 0.366 ) showed no significant association with diarrhoea among the children. The majority of the mothers belonged to the age group 30–34. Multivariate analysis showed that the mother's level of education (95% CI for OR = 11.45; P = 0.0001 ) and family income (95% CI for OR = 7.61, P = 0.0001 ) were the most significant risk factors for diarrhoea among children. Mother’s educational status, mother's employment, and family income were the factors significantly associated with diarrhoea in Southwest Nigeria. The study recommends that female education should be encouraged by the right government policy to enhance the achievement of the sustainable development goal three (SDG 3) for the possible reduction of neonates and infants' deaths in Nigeria.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk Factors of Diarrhoea among Children Under Five Years in Southwest Nigeria

Ugboko

Nwinyi

Oranusi

et al. 2021

International Journal of Microbiology

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“…Childhood diarrhoea affecting children under the age of five accounts for approximately 63% of the global burden [15]. It is a leading cause of mortality in this age group [16].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perception and Practices of Home Management of Acute Watery Diarrhoea and Its Impact on Dehydration

Fatema

Begum²,

Saad

et al. 2020

AJPR

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Background: Diarrhoea is one of the commonest causes of death in children in developing countries. Proper home management can reduce morbidity and mortality. High rates of dietary restriction, poor knowledge of preparation of ORS solutions and low attention given to clinical indicators are causes for seeking hospital management. This study was done to observe the knowledge of caregivers regarding home management of acute watery diarrhoea and to assess the impact of home management on severity of dehydration. Methods: This study was a prospective study carried out on children with acute diarrhea who attended outpatient department (OPD) of Rangpur Medical College Hospital and duration of the study was 6 months. A total of 100 cases were included in this study who fulfilled the definition of acute diarrhea by WHO. The investigator questioned each mother with the help of a preformed questionnaire. Results: In 85% of cases, caregivers perception about diarrhea was an increase in the frequency and fluidity of stool. About 95% of cases were initially treated at home; treatment was given at home with ORS (95%). There was change in feeding pattern and modified food was given (24%). Perception about ORS preparation was appropriate in 64% and inappropriate in 31% of cases. Inadequate amount of ORS was given in 74% cases. There was no interruption of breast feeding; dietary restriction during diarrhoea was observed only in 2% cases. Most of the parents did not know when to return immediately to hospital. Dehydration status of diarrhoeal cases was no dehydration (81%), some dehydration (18%) and severe dehydration (1%). In majority of the cases different drugs were used. Conclusion: Most of the caregivers’ decided to treat diarrhoea at home. Many of them had wrong perception about preparation of ORS and some of them did not know how to make ORS solution. Inadequate amount of ORS was given in most of the cases. Thus to lessen hospital burden and to prevent dehydration increased emphasis should be given to health education of home management of diarrhea.

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“…Different studies from diarrhoea endemic regions show that enteric viruses are responsible for a considerable amount of diarrhoeal episodes in children. 2 For example; rotavirus was the leading cause for all diarrhoeal deaths among children below 5 years of age with more than 125 000 deaths globally. 1 The Global Enteric Multicenter Study found that rotavirus was the main cause of acute diarrhoea among infants in all seven of their sites.…”

Section: What This Paper Addsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The aetiology of diarrhoeal diseases is not limited to bacteria or parasites only, but virus also plays a major role in the burden of this illness. Different studies from diarrhoea endemic regions show that enteric viruses are responsible for a considerable amount of diarrhoeal episodes in children 2 . For example; rotavirus was the leading cause for all diarrhoeal deaths among children below 5 years of age with more than 125 000 deaths globally 1 .…”

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confidence: 99%

Antibiotic exposure among young infants suffering from diarrhoea in Bangladesh

Islam

Nuzhat

Fahim

et al. 2020

J Paediatrics Child Health

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Aims Appropriate rehydration has always been significant in treating diarrhoeal diseases in children. Irrational antibiotic use among diarrhoeal children has remained a major public health concern. Information regarding antibiotic use in young infants suffering from diarrhoea is very limited and a unique aspect of research. We aimed to investigate the prevalence of antibiotic use in the community among 2–6 months infants with diarrhoeal illnesses and having different nutritional status. Methods We investigated a total of 5279 infants aged 2–6 months at Dhaka hospital, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, between September 2018 and June 2019. Among them, 257 infants were suffering from severe acute malnutrition (SAM). History of taking antibiotics was ascertained by direct observation of a prescription by a physician, the bottle of antibiotic or asking the caregiver about the name of antibiotic or its price that is very close to the usual market price of an antibiotic. Results Overall, 52% of infants received antibiotics before hospital admission. Non‐SAM infants had higher odds of receiving antibiotics (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.52, 95% confidence interval: 1.18, 1.97, P value = 0.003) compared to infants with SAM and use of antibiotics increased with age (aOR = 1.11, 95% confidence interval: 1.06, 1.17, P value<0.001). Commonly used antibiotics were azithromycin (13.3%), ciprofloxacin (7.7%), erythromycin (7.7%) and metronidazole (2.6%). The proportion of receiving ciprofloxacin was significantly lower in infants with SAM compared to their non‐SAM counterparts (2.7% vs. 7.97%, P value = 0.004). Conclusions The study underscores the excessive use of antibiotics among diarrhoeal infants, which is already a major public health concern in low‐ and middle‐income countries.

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Childhood diarrhoeal diseases in developing countries

Cited by 107 publications

References 167 publications

Risk Factors of Diarrhoea among Children Under Five Years in Southwest Nigeria

Risk Factors of Diarrhoea among Children Under Five Years in Southwest Nigeria

Perception and Practices of Home Management of Acute Watery Diarrhoea and Its Impact on Dehydration

Antibiotic exposure among young infants suffering from diarrhoea in Bangladesh

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