Adaptive thermogenesis and changes in body composition and physical fitness in army cadets

Borges, Juliano Henrique; Hunter, Gary R.; Silva, Analiza M.; Cirolini, Vagner X.; Langer, Raquel David; Páscoa, Mauro Alexandre; Guerra‐Júnior, Gil; Gonçalves, Ezequiel Moreira

doi:10.23736/s0022-4707.17.08066-5

Cited by 7 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…In a study of 120 Serbian cadets (sex not reported), Maric et al 19 showed that performance in most fitness field tests were unchanged during 4 years of military academy studies. This is in contrast to a recently published study by Borges et al, 16 who found increased fat free mass and clear improvements in 3,000-meter run performance and muscular endurance in 29 Brazilian male cadets over 34 weeks of military training. Thus, with some exceptions, most previous studies have also demonstrated no or rather small mean changes in anthropometrics and physical fitness during military academy education.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

“…[6][7][8][9] Previous publications also include military cadets, but these studies are typically hampered by low sample sizes, 10,11 short followup periods, 12,13 or male-only populations. [14][15][16] Today, an increasing number of females serve in the armed forces. Thus, we need data on both sexes, as female soldiers may differ from males regarding fitness level, effect of exercise training, and injury risk.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We have identified a few previous studies reporting longitudinal (9 months to 4 years) changes in fitness levels in military cadets. 10,11,14,16,17,19 One is our own pilot study, where we examined changes in anthropometrics and aerobic power among male Norwegian Air Force cadets during 3 years of academy education. 14 The data revealed no significant changes in any of the fitness measurements between entry and end of the education period.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Change in Anthropometrics and Physical Fitness in Norwegian Cadets During 3 Years of Military Academy Education

Aandstad

Sandberg²,

Hageberg

et al. 2020

Military Medicine

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Introduction High physical fitness is associated with increased occupational performance, better health, and reduced risk of injuries in military personnel. Thus, the military emphasizes physical training to maintain or develop physical fitness in their soldiers. It is important to monitor the effect of the physical training regime, but such information is lacking for Norwegian military cadets. Hence, the primary aim of this study was to investigate changes in anthropometrics and physical fitness among male and female army, navy and air force cadets during 3 years of military academy education. Materials and methods 260 male and 29 female Norwegian cadets from the army, navy, and air force academies volunteered to participate. Anthropometrics, muscular power, muscular endurance, and maximal oxygen uptake were measured at entry (T0) and end of each year (T1, T2, and T3). Linear mixed models were used to examine the development in anthropometrics and physical fitness. We applied to the Regional Committee for Medical and Health Research Ethics to review the study before start-up, but the study was considered exempted from notification. The study was reviewed and approved by the Norwegian Social Science Data Services. Results Male and female cadets significantly increased their body weight, fat-free mass, body mass index, and percent body fat by 1 to 5% from T0 to T3. Skeletal muscle mass was unchanged. Muscular power (medicine ball throw and vertical jump) and muscular endurance (pull-ups and push-ups) increased by 3 to 20% in male cadets, while female cadets only increased results significantly for the medicine ball throw (10%). Relative maximal oxygen uptake decreased by 4% in both sexes, while absolute maximal oxygen uptake only decreased significantly (by 2%) in male cadets. Most of the observed changes were classified as trivial or small, according to calculated effect sizes. The observed changes were generally of similar magnitude for male and female cadets, and similar among the three academies. Conclusions Anthropometrics and physical fitness were relatively stable in Norwegian male and female army, navy, and air force cadets during 3 years of military academy education. Observed changes were typically classified as trivial or small. The initial gap in physical fitness between male and female cadets did not narrow during the education years. Norwegian male and female cadets displayed relatively good physical fitness profiles, compared to sex-matched cadets and soldiers from previously studied military populations.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Change in Anthropometrics and Physical Fitness in Norwegian Cadets During 3 Years of Military Academy Education

Aandstad

Sandberg²,

Hageberg

et al. 2020

Military Medicine

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“…Importantly, within BMI/WHR high groups, about 80% of either BMI-or WHR-high Chinese soldiers were BFP low ( Table 6), suggesting that BMI and WHR did not reflect the real fat content for most BMI high and WHR high military personnel. For military personnel, high protein diet and intensive military training have positive effects on the improvement of fat-free mass and skeletal muscle [62,63]. A Finland study also showed increased lean tissue was observed in soldiers through military service [14].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Body mass index and waist-to-hip ratio misclassification of overweight and obesity in Chinese military personnel

Zhu

Huang

et al. 2020

J Physiol Anthropol

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Background: The rising prevalence of obesity in military personnel has raised great concerns. Previous studies suggest that body mass index (BMI)-and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR)-based obesity classifications in US military personnel and firefighters have high false negative and subsequently cause obesity misclassification. Objective: To determine whether BMI and WHR could reflect the fat mass of Chinese military personnel. Methods: Three hundred fifty-three male Chinese military personnel and 380 age-matched male adults were recruited. Obesity classification was defined by BMI, WHR, and body fat percentage (BFP). Results: Chinese military personnel had extremely low obesity rate determined by either BFP (0.3%) or BMI (0.6%). By combining overweight and obese individuals, BMI-and WHR-determined prevalence of overweight/obesity was 22.4% and 17.0% compared to BFP-based standard (4.0%) (P < 0.05). In reference to BFP, BMI and WHR have high false-positive rate compared to the control group. Further analysis showed that Chinese military personnel consisted of high percentage of BFP low BMI high and/or BFP low WHR high subpopulations. Eighty-one percent of BMI high and 78.3% of WHR high of them were BFP low. Conclusions: Chinese military personnel has extremely low obesity rate. BMI and WHR have high false-positive rates in reference to BFP, which cannot accurately reflect the mass of adipose tissue and leads to obesity misclassification.

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“…Studying the physical preparation process success of young people makes given study even more relevant and sought-after [3,4]. In this case, the authors' position is coherent with the opinion of foreign experts [1,5,19] in the context of increased motor activity and improving the functional condition characteristics [8,9,20,21]; more successful future professional activities of students [6,7]. The results of our study and other specialists indicate the need for changes in physical education curricula for modern young people [10,11] Improving the physical education of young people in higher educational institutions is aimed at increasing the level of their physical preparation [5,13].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

The effectiveness of students’ preparation in physical training at the universities of various departments

Akhmatgatin

Lebedinsky

Khomyakov

et al. 2020

PES

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Purpose. To make a comparative analysis and evaluate the effectiveness of physical exercises in a technical university and departmental university of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. Material and methods. The study involved male students (1 functional group of health) of the Irkutsk National Research Technical University (Russia, n = 1380) and cadets of the East Siberian Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia (Russia, n = 762). Cadets studied at 1, 2 and 3 courses. The characteristics of physical preparation and the functional condition of students and cadets were analyzed. Results. During the training period, most indicators of cadets' physical preparation significantly exceed their values in students. This is due to the preliminary selection of candidates for training in educational institutions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. It is also associated with a expressed training orientation of the process of physical preparation. The dynamics of the values of the indicators of the functional condition of the body of cadets is characterized by a high price of adaptation to physical activity. This can lead to the occurrence of pre-pathological conditions and pathological processes of the cardiovascular system. Conclusions. The dynamics of the values of indicators of physical preparation of students and cadets cannot be the only objective criterion for the effectiveness of the system of their physical education. For its full assessment, it is necessary to analyze the parameters of the functional condition of the body, characterizing the reaction to physical activity. Cadets have a great adaptation to physical activity. In this case, it cannot be concluded that the physical training of cadets is more effective.

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Adaptive thermogenesis and changes in body composition and physical fitness in army cadets

Cited by 7 publications

References 27 publications

Change in Anthropometrics and Physical Fitness in Norwegian Cadets During 3 Years of Military Academy Education

Change in Anthropometrics and Physical Fitness in Norwegian Cadets During 3 Years of Military Academy Education

Body mass index and waist-to-hip ratio misclassification of overweight and obesity in Chinese military personnel

The effectiveness of students’ preparation in physical training at the universities of various departments

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