Adaptive Selection of Transmission Configuration for LoRa-based Wireless Underground Sensor Networks

Lin, Kaiqiang; Tu, Hao

doi:10.1109/wcnc49053.2021.9417371

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…For performance comparison, four benchmarks are implemented: (1) Same SF [3]: all EDs are assigned by the same SF; (2) EIB [4]: the coverage area is partitioned into six equalwidth (i.e., R |A| ) annuli for SFs allocation; (3) EAB [5]: the coverage area is segmented into six equal-area (i.e., πR 2 |A| ) annuli for SFs allocation; (4) PLB [7]: annuli are determined based on the path loss model described in (1) and the SFspecific SNR threshold q.…”

Section: A Simulation Settingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Specifically, two notable onetime spatial SFs allocation schemes, namely equal-intervalbased (EIB) [4] and equal-area-based (EAB) [5], were proposed to mitigate the co-SF interference and improve the packet delivery ratio. To adjust to dynamic underground environments, adaptive parameters assignment schemes were proposed in LoRaWAN, such as the adaptive data rate mechanism specified by the LoRa Alliance [6] and the path-loss-based (PLB) scheme proposed in [7]. Nevertheless, both solutions overlook the co-SF interference.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fig.3. The comparison of the average EPP versus the number of EDs for proposed RL-based SFs allocation scheme and the same SF[3], EIB[4], EAB[5], and PLB[7] based techniques.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Subterranean mMTC in Remote Areas: Underground-to-Satellite Connectivity Approach

et al. 2023

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Wireless underground sensor networks (WUSNs) promise to deliver substantial social and economic benefits across different verticals. However, many of the relevant application scenarios are located in remote areas with no supporting infrastructure available. To address this challenge, we conceptualize in this study the underground direct-to-satellite (U-DtS) connectivity approach, implying the reception of the signals sent by the underground massive machine-type communication (mMTC) sensors by the gateways operating on the low Earth orbit satellites. We start by discussing the two alternative architectures for enabling such networks and underline their features and limitations. Then, we employ simulations to model a smart-farming application scenario for studying the feasibility and performance of U-DtS mMTC based on LoRaWAN technology, with the focus on the effect of the parameters including the burial depths, soils characteristics, and communication settings. Our results reveal that the LoRa modulation fails to compete with the underground propagation losses and the high packets collision rate. However, the long range-frequency hopping spread spectrum (LR-FHSS) modulation is perspective for U-DtS networks and may enable connectivity for the subsurface nodes located at a depth of several dozens centimeters. Finally, we pinpoint the potential challenges and the research directions for future U-DtS studies.

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Section: A Simulation Settingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Subterranean mMTC in Remote Areas: Underground-to-Satellite Connectivity Approach

et al. 2023

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“…Different types of topologies (e.g., underground-to-underground and underground-to-aboveground) have been modeled and tested experimentally [ 2 , 5 , 15 , 26 , 27 ], and the effect of soil properties on wireless underground signal propagation is well-studied [ 5 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 ]. Studies have included examining power consumption [ 30 , 33 , 34 , 35 ], as well as the deployment of communication protocols such as Mica [ 14 ], Zigbee [ 36 ], Wi-Fi [ 37 , 38 ], RFID [ 39 ], cellular [ 37 ], Sigfox [ 10 ], and Lora [ 12 , 35 ] for WUSNs. While experimental WUSN evaluations have been carried out in laboratory testbeds [ 9 , 22 , 40 , 41 , 42 ] and in some outdoor environments [ 10 , 12 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 ] and agricultural farms [ 14 , 19 , 32 , 43 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 ], testing has been limited, often with one or a few sensor nodes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Wireless Underground Sensor Network Field Pilot for Agriculture and Ecology: Soil Moisture Mapping Using Signal Attenuation

Balivada

Grant

Zhang

et al. 2022

Sensors

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Wireless Underground Sensor Networks (WUSNs) that collect geospatial in situ sensor data are a backbone of internet-of-things (IoT) applications for agriculture and terrestrial ecology. In this paper, we first show how WUSNs can operate reliably under field conditions year-round and at the same time be used for determining and mapping soil conditions from the buried sensor nodes. We demonstrate the design and deployment of a 23-node WUSN installed at an agricultural field site that covers an area with a 530 m radius. The WUSN has continuously operated since September 2019, enabling real-time monitoring of soil volumetric water content (VWC), soil temperature (ST), and soil electrical conductivity. Secondly, we present data collected over a nine-month period across three seasons. We evaluate the performance of a deep learning algorithm in predicting soil VWC using various combinations of the received signal strength (RSSI) from each buried wireless node, above-ground pathloss, the distance between wireless node and receive antenna (D), ST, air temperature (AT), relative humidity (RH), and precipitation as input parameters to the model. The AT, RH, and precipitation were obtained from a nearby weather station. We find that a model with RSSI, D, AT, ST, and RH as inputs was able to predict soil VWC with an R2 of 0.82 for test datasets, with a Root Mean Square Error of ±0.012 (m3/m3). Hence, a combination of deep learning and other easily available soil and climatic parameters can be a viable candidate for replacing expensive soil VWC sensors in WUSNs.

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Throughput optimization in backscatter-assisted wireless-powered underground sensor networks for smart agriculture

Lin

López²,

Alves³

et al. 2022

Internet of Things

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Adaptive Selection of Transmission Configuration for LoRa-based Wireless Underground Sensor Networks

Cited by 7 publications

References 16 publications

Subterranean mMTC in Remote Areas: Underground-to-Satellite Connectivity Approach

Subterranean mMTC in Remote Areas: Underground-to-Satellite Connectivity Approach

A Wireless Underground Sensor Network Field Pilot for Agriculture and Ecology: Soil Moisture Mapping Using Signal Attenuation

Throughput optimization in backscatter-assisted wireless-powered underground sensor networks for smart agriculture

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