Adaptive duty cycle control–based opportunistic routing scheme to reduce delay in cyber physical systems

Abstract

Wireless sensor networks are the foundation of cyber physical systems. In loss and delay sensitive wireless sensor networks, there is much room for improving the performance of opportunistic routing scheme. In this article, an adaptive duty cycle control-based opportunistic routing scheme was put forward to improve the performance of the opportunistic routing scheme. Our main work is as follows: (a) the proposed duty cycle control-based opportunistic routing scheme implements the opportunistic routing in the duty cycle-based wireless sensor networks. Compared with the opportunistic routing scheme in the non-duty cycle mode, the duty cycle control-based opportunistic routing scheme can effectively reduce the energy consumption by 55.64%, although the performance in the delay is degraded. (b) Next, adaptive duty cycle control-based opportunistic routing scheme is proposed to reduce the delay of nodes in duty cycle control-based opportunistic routing. In adaptive duty cycle control-based opportunistic routing scheme, the node's duty cycle is increased in the area where the energy has remaining, so that the network delay can be reduced without reducing the network lifetime. Compared with duty cycle control-based opportunistic routing scheme, the maximum end-toend delay of the node in the network can be reduced by 69.83%.

Relay Selection Joint Consecutive Packet Routing Scheme to Improve Performance for Wake-Up Radio-Enabled WSNs

“…It is deployed in areas that need to be monitored to build networks in a self-organizing way [14,18]. e most important thing in WSNs is that many nodes can communicate with each other by appropriate communication protocols [14][15][16]. According to the research results, the communication operation of sensor nodes is the most energy-consuming operation in the system, accounting for about 70% of the total energy consumption of the system [14,15].…”

“…Energy is one of the most important research contents in wireless sensor networks [9][10][11][12][13]. Sensor nodes are powered by batteries whose capacity is limited and, in many scenarios, such as battlefields and dangerous areas, they cannot be replaced once deployed, so how to save energy becomes an important issue in WSN research [14][15][16]. In order to save energy of sensor nodes, researchers have proposed many ways to reduce the energy consumption of nodes [17,18].…”

“…In order to reduce the energy consumption of communication operations, researchers have also proposed various methods [17,18] and communication protocol is one of the most important parts [19]. A good communication protocol requires small system overhead for communication, high effective communication rate [6,12], low energy consumption [13], low delay [14][15][16][20][21][22], low data collision rate, and high network throughput [23]. In order to save energy, most WSNs work in the way of duty cycle [14,16,18,23].…”

“…Since the energy consumption of nodes in active state is 2-3 orders of magnitude more than that of nodes in sleep state [16], the periodic active and sleep can make the node sleep for a certain proportion of time, thereby saving energy. However, this method deteriorates the performance of data communication, making the delay of data transmission increase [12][13][14][15][16] and the throughput decrease. e main reason for the decline of communication performance is that when the sender has data to send, the receiver may be in sleep state.…”

Delay and energy-efficient data collection scheme-based matrix filling theory for dynamic traffic IoT

“…The prosperity of WSNs provides an inexhaustible driving force for the development of IoT [57]. In WSNs, the sensor node collects peripheral data and forwards it to the sink node by using other sensor nodes as relays.…”