Adaptation to potential threat: The evolution, neurobiology, and psychopathology of the security motivation system

Woody, Erik Z.; Szechtman, Henry

doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.08.003

Cited by 151 publications

(125 citation statements)

References 177 publications

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“…The recent explosion of cognitive-behavioral approaches to clinical conditions has brought an increased interest in cognitive mechanisms related to OCD psychopathology. Precautionary system and motivation for security are cognitive mechanisms that lead to the excessive activity in OCD rituals as a counteracting (neutralizing) behavior, employed in response to a potential threat [19][20][21] . Patients with OCD are thought to experience an inflated sense of responsibility that derives from an exaggerated estimation of unimportant situations as unsafe, resulting in excessive neutralizing behavior aimed at harm avoidance [22] .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nonfunctional Redundant Acts Characterize OCD, Even in OCD-Unrelated Tasks: A Demonstration in Questionnaire Completion

Amitai

Arnon²,

Shaham³

et al. 2017

Psychopathology

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Background: Ethological methods used to analyze human obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) rituals demonstrated excess of unnecessary repetitions as well as irrelevant, idiosyncratic acts (additions) compared to normal activity. A question that still remains is whether these well-known repetitions and additions are manifested in behaviors unrelated to the OCD rituals. Our objectives were to: (1) assess whether OCD-related repetitions and additions as found in previous studies also affect the patients' activity of filling out questionnaires and (2) evaluate the specificity of these behaviors to OCD as opposed to other anxiety disorders and healthy controls. Sampling and Methods: Several standardized disorder-specific self-report questionnaires were used in order to assess the patient's psychopathologies. The style of filling-out these questionnaires by OCD and non-OCD anxiety outpatients and normal controls was analyzed. Four categories were used: omissions, repetitions, corrections, and additions. Results: The OCD group scored significantly higher on the number of additions as compared with both the anxiety group and the nonclinical group, and significantly higher on the number of corrections and repetitions as compared with the nonclinical group. Conclusions: The hallmarks of OCD, repetitions and additions, are manifested not only in the patient's rituals and thoughts, but in apparently “neutral” tasks that do not a priori involve the intrusive thoughts, urges, and images typical of obsessive-compulsive behavior. Additions seem to be more specific to OCD than repetitions. These two executive faults impede routine functionality of OCD patients in tasks related and unrelated to their rituals. Our study delineates simple, observable behavioral characteristics that distinguish between OCD and non-OCD anxiety patients as well as healthy individuals. These symptomatic behaviors may offer a clue to personality traits or deficits in executive functions that possibly play a part in the pathophysiology of OCD. Our results are an additional indication that nonfunctionality in obsessive-compulsive behavior deserves full attention for a better understanding of the psychopathological mechanisms of OCD.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nonfunctional Redundant Acts Characterize OCD, Even in OCD-Unrelated Tasks: A Demonstration in Questionnaire Completion

Amitai

Arnon²,

Shaham³

et al. 2017

Psychopathology

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“…Engaging in deceit is theorized to be distressing, causing liars to experience increased arousal such that the sympathetic nervous system excites the body in response to an imminent fight-or-flight event or potential threat monitoring invoked by the security motivation system (Woody & Szechtman, 2011). It is these cardiorespiratory and galvanic skin physiological responses that are captured by the polygraph and are the impetus for most of the commercial products that have been billed as lie detection systems.…”

Section: Arousalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unobtrusive Deception Detection

Elkins

Zafeiriou

Pantić

et al. 2015

The Oxford Handbook of Affective Computing

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“…These may be straightforward hyperlocomotion in a pharmacological model of schizophrenia induced by NMDA receptor antagonists or compulsive adherence to specific routes and objects in animal models of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD induced by repeated systemic treatment with quinpirole, a D2-like receptor agonist. (Szechtman et al, 2001, Dvorkin et al, 2008Dvorkin et al, 2010;Woody and Szechtman, 2011). Nevertheless, they should not be anthropomorphized (such as a ´diseased rat´) but have the purpose to serve as model reproductions in laboratory animals of specific classes of symptoms of CNS disorders, rather than a disorder as a whole, despite common usage of the term of animal models in the latter .…”

Section: Animal Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Behavioral Tests for Evaluation of Information Processing and Cognitive Deficits in Rodent Animal Models of Neuropsychiatric Disorders

Stuchlı́k¹,

Petrásek²,

Hatalova³

et al. 2012

Schizophrenia in the 21st Century

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Adaptation to potential threat: The evolution, neurobiology, and psychopathology of the security motivation system

Cited by 151 publications

References 177 publications

Nonfunctional Redundant Acts Characterize OCD, Even in OCD-Unrelated Tasks: A Demonstration in Questionnaire Completion

Nonfunctional Redundant Acts Characterize OCD, Even in OCD-Unrelated Tasks: A Demonstration in Questionnaire Completion

Unobtrusive Deception Detection

Behavioral Tests for Evaluation of Information Processing and Cognitive Deficits in Rodent Animal Models of Neuropsychiatric Disorders

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