Acute toxicity of trivalent thallium compounds to Daphnia magna

Sediment–water interactions of thallium under simulated estuarine conditions

“…The trivalent cation, Tl 3+ , is considerably more reactive and toxic than its univalent equivalent (Lan and Lin, 2005), but the relative abundance of the former is so vanishingly small that, regardless of the valency distribution, Tl + is considered the most geochemically-and bio-active (inorganic) form of the element in the aquatic environment (Ralph and Twiss, 2002). Because the ionic radius of Tl + is similar to that of K + (and, to a lesser extent, Rb + and Cs + ), in both living and non-living systems Tl + behaves as a potassium ion analog.…”

Speciation and determination of thallium by on-line microcolumn separation/preconcentration by flow injection–flame atomic absorption spectrometry using immobilized oxine as sorbent

“…A relative error of less than 5% was considered to be within the Thallium concentration: 0.5 mg l −1 , preconcentrated volume: 10 ml, flow rate: 3 ml min −1 , eluent: sodium thiosulfate (500 l, 1 mol l −1 ). 20.4 ± 0.6 g l −1 102.0 ± 0.9 -Well water -N D a -1.0 ± 0.1 g l −1 30 g l − 1 30.2 ± 0.1 g l −1 100.6 ± 0.5 -Spring water -N D a -N D a 25 g l −1…”

“…Thallium can be found in nature as Tl(I) and Tl(III) ions but its monovalent state has higher stability, whereas its trivalent state forms complexes of greater stability. Thus each redox state of the element exhibits different bioavailability and toxicity property [1]. Therefore speciation of thallium in environment is important.…”

Toxicity and Bioconcentration of Cadmium and Copper in Artemia Urmiana Nauplii

“…A preliminary test was designed in six concentrations to determine the toxicity ranges of cadmium chloride and copper sulphate (Merck, Germany) [29,30]. The toxicity test was performed in a multi-well plate, each containing 5mL toxicant solution and 10 neonates (24 h posthatch nauplia) [31].…”