Acupuncture: The Best Method of Vaccination

Hill, Hibbert Winslow

doi:10.2105/ajph.7.3.301

Cited by 2 publications

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“…The technique is simpler. 3. No special instruments are necessary, as an ordinary sewing needle is always available.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Studies in Tuberculin Reactions

Friedman¹,

Hawes²

1934

N Engl J Med

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SINCE 1907, when von Pirquet1 first introduced it, the use of the cutaneous tuberculin test has become universal. The technique as usually carried out is briefly as follows: The skin of the flexor surface of the forearm is thoroughly cleaned and dried. A drop of undiluted old tuberculin is then placed on the skin and an area of epidermis four to six mm. in diameter is removed by a twisting motion through the tuberculin with a small sterilized drill or Pirquet borer made for this purpose. This scarification is supposed to reach and expose the vascular cutis. After a few minutes, the excess tuberculin is carefully wiped off. A control is made on the same arm a few inches away, using sterile salt solution instead of tuberculin in order to determine the amount of reaction resulting from trauma alone. The scarification is inspected at the end of twentyfour and forty-eight hours. Without going into a detailed description of the various types of reactions, most observers consider an elevated papule with an area of erythema more than five millimeters in diameter at the end of the twenty-four and forty-eight hours as a positive reaction.In 1916, Craig2 introduced the multiple puncture or tattoo method of performing this test. His method corresponds to Hill's3 multiple puncture teehnic in vaccination against smallpox. The arm is prepared as for the Pirquet test. An ordinary sewing needle is used. The needle, which should be new, sharp, and sterile, is held with the forefinger and middle finger above, and the thumb below, with the point of the needle at right angles to the patient's arm. Held in this way, nearly parallel to the skin, the side of the needle is pressed firmly seven to ten times into the skin through a drop of tuberculin in an area of about % cm. in diameter. The point of the needle with this teehnic is not driven directly into the skin. Each time pressure is applied at right angles to the shaft of the needle, the elasticity of the skin will pull a fraction of an inch of the epidermis over the point of the needle, so that the tuberculin is carried into the deeper layers of the epidermis. No sign of bleeding should occur and all evidence of trauma should disappear in a few hours. The epidermis is left practically intact and in the vast majority of cases there is no evidence of trauma in the control.In 1927 Chester A. Stewart4 introduced the *Friedman, Eli\p=m-\Visiting Pediatrician to the Boston City Hospital and Beth Israel Hospital. Hawes, John B., 2nd\p=m-\ President, Boston Tuberculosis Association. For records and addresses of authors see "This Week's Issue," page 467.single puncture teehnic for performing the von Pirquet test. In this method, the arm is prepared in the usual way, a drop of undiluted tuberculin is placed on the forearm, and an ordinary sewing needle is introduced, with a single puncture, through the tuberculin into the dermal layers of the skin for a distance of about one-quarter of an inch. The excess tuberculin is immediately wiped off, and as usual, the reaction is read at the end of tw...

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“…The technique is simpler. 3. No special instruments are necessary, as an ordinary sewing needle is always available.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Studies in Tuberculin Reactions

Friedman¹,

Hawes²

1934

N Engl J Med

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“…Over the next decade, he quietly worked on problems such as water quality, bacillary dysentery, and hookworm disease. He developed a safer and more reliable smallpox vaccination technique (the “Kinyoun method” of rolling a needle parallel to the skin) used widely, with Public Health Service endorsement, until development of the bifurcated needle in the 1960s ( 160 - 162 ). He also perfected a stain for Mycobacterium tuberculosis and other organisms (the Kinyoun stain [163]) that is still used today.…”

Section: Life After the Mhsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Forgotten Forefather: Joseph James Kinyoun and the Founding of the National Institutes of Health

Morens

Fauci

2012

mBio

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In celebrating the 125th anniversary of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in August 2012, NIH has been examining its origins, its history, and the visionary men and women whose research have contributed to the saving and/or improving the quality of life of millions of people throughout the world. This minireview examines Joseph James Kinyoun (1860 to 1919), the 1887 founder of a federal Hygienic Laboratory that is considered the direct ancestor of the modern NIH, and explores the development of NIH as it was shaped by, and in turn shaped, the new field of microbiology.

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Acupuncture: The Best Method of Vaccination

Cited by 2 publications

References 0 publications

Studies in Tuberculin Reactions

Studies in Tuberculin Reactions

The Forgotten Forefather: Joseph James Kinyoun and the Founding of the National Institutes of Health

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