Poultry have been identified as one of the major sources of salmonellosis, with estimates ranging from 10 to 22% of total cases. Despite several advances in the industry and new performance standards, the incidence of salmonellosis in the population has not declined over the last 15 years. Salmonella is pervasive in a wide variety of foods, and thus, estimating its burden resulting from specific food categories has been challenging and plagued with uncertainty due to critical data gaps. The objective of this study was to conduct a year-long market survey (1,322 samples) to help bridge the data gaps on the contamination rates and levels of Salmonella on raw poultry by product type (i.e., breast, thighs, drums, wings, and split breast) and production method (conventional versus organic). The isolates recovered were serotyped and tested for antibiotic sensitivities. A PCR method was utilized for initial screening of samples after an overnight enrichment in tryptic soy broth. Three-tube most-probable-number (MPN) assays and anti-Salmonella immunomagnetic separation methods were utilized to determine the levels of Salmonella and aid with the recovery of Salmonella species, respectively. Eleven percent of the samples were positive for Salmonella. Significant differences in percent positive rates by product type included up to a 4-fold difference in percent positive rates between establishments, ranging from 7 to 31%. Of the samples positive for Salmonella species, 94% had <30 MPN/100 g. Production methods identified as organic or as not using antibiotics had significantly higher rates of recovery of Salmonella. On the other hand, all of the Salmonella isolates that were resistant to two or more antibiotics originated from conventional processing establishments where antibiotics were utilized. In addition, a significant proportion of isolates from conventionally processed products were serotypes clinically relevant to humans.

Objectivesand Study Children with complex needs who are gastrostomy fed are invariably prescribed commercially produced feeding diets to meet their nutritional requirements. Popularity of a blended diet in the UK is rapidly increasing with a call for better recognition.1 Current published evidence is limited and hence no support from professional bodie. It is generally believed that blended diet through gastrostomy could have the potential risks of compromising nutritional stability, possible contamination and infection, and blockage of the tube.2,3 On the other hand blended diet is also reported to have nutritional, social and economic benefits.2,4 We would like to share one of our patient’s experience using blended diet through his gastrostomy. We believe by sharing this experience we will add to the evidence base for this evolving dietary practice.MethodsOur patient is a four year old boy who has a background history of hypoxic insult at birth resulting in the need for gastrostomy and fundoplication. We prospectively assessd his nutritional intake in the blended form.we performed accurate nutritional assessment and measured adequacy by blood tests.ResultsOur patient tolerated the blended with improvement ingrowth velocit and reief from reflux symptoms. Only dietiary deficiency exhibited was borderline zinc deficiency which was corrected by additional supplementation.ConclusionIt is our experience that blended diet given via a gastrostomy provided to this child with appropriate dietician supervision was beneficial. We did not notice any gastrostomy tube blockage or gut related infections. It enabled family to feel more satisfied with their ability to provide their child what they felt was a “normal diet.” We believe that more research is required to fully understand the benefits and risks associated with these diets.References Novak P et al. The use of blenderized tube feedings. Infant Child Adolesc Nutr. 2009;1:21–23Evans et al. Accuracy of home enteral feed preparation for children with inherited metabolic disorders. The British Dietetic Association Ltd. 2011 J Hum Nutr Diet. 2010;24:68–73Pentuik S et al. Pureed by gastrostomy tube diet improves gagging and retching in children with fundoplication. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2011;35:375

The use of dialyzing membranes in chemistry and physics has been long established. In the effort to apply dialysis to bacteriological problems, difficulties were found, principally due to the necessity for sterilization of all materials used, in order to prevent complications arising from the action of bacteria other than those under investigation. One material after another, physically adapted for dialysis, was rejected because it could not be sterilized satisfactorily. Collodion, dissolved in ether and alcohol, and by dexterous manipulation converted into test-tube-like sacs, received much attention from bacteriologists, since sterilization of such sacs is possible, and dialysis rapid. The technique, however, is very exacting; everything must be just right to secure results at all reliable; the collodion tissue is very fragile; and little satisfactory work is known to the writer as having been successfully done in dialyzing bacterial products by this method.The method here to be described is extremely simple. While designed primarily for bacteriological purposes, it may be of interest to chemists and physicists also. The resulting membrane is exceedingly strong; it can be handled, dry or wet, without injury; it may be repeatedly sterilized in boiling water, free steam or steam under pressure, and dialyzes well. It dialyzes less readily than does fresh collodion, which is, however, rather an advantage, for fresh collodion membranes, if not allowed to dry, dialyze so quickly as to suggest leakage,

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The open intestine to be implanted is first split along its free border for about 1£ inches, and the corners, which project, are trimmed down with scissors, so that an oblique opening is left