Activity benchmarks and requirements for Pt, Pt-alloy, and non-Pt oxygen reduction catalysts for PEMFCs

Gasteiger, Hubert A.; Kocha, Shyam S.; Sompalli, Bhaskar; Wagner, Frederick T.

doi:10.1016/j.apcatb.2004.06.021

Cited by 4,670 publications

(4,788 citation statements)

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“…Using biological molecules such as the Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) as templates, some nanowires of PtCo, Pt 3 Co and Pt 3 Fe alloys have been successfully synthesized. 129 This study showed that the presence of both Co 2+ and Pt 2+ ions inside TMV channels was necessary for nanowire formation.…”

Section: Developments Of the Synthetic Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These three different surfaces all showed higher ORR activity in 0.1 M HClO 4 than in 0.5 M H 2 SO 4 . The Pt-skin surface on Pt 3 Co exhibited the most enhanced activity in 0.1 M HClO 4 , three to four times higher than for pure Pt, suggesting that a uniform monatomic layer of Pt surface atoms, with Pt depletion and Co enrichment in the second layer, has some unique catalytic properties. The enhanced activity was related to the formation of OH ad at more positive potentials on the Pt-skin surface, induced by surface changes in the electronic structure.…”

Section: Effects Of Composition Structure and Morphology On Orr Elecmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…It has been demonstrated that Pt-alloys can achieve at least two to four times greater ORR activity compared to Pt/C catalysts. 3 This improvement was attributed to a positive shift of onset potential for OH ads formation on the alloy. The major factors affecting ORR activity have been identified as alloy composition, ordering and morphology (the ratio of exposed facets), and the interactions among these factors.…”

Section: Current Status-geometric and Compositional Strategiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, pre-leaching of PtCo alloys can effectively reduce Co dissolution and then minimize MEA contamination during PEM fuel cell operation. 3,73 Roques et al 74 studied on enhancing PtCo/C alloy catalyst stability by chemical acid leaching, using Pt/C as the baseline in their work. The catalyst was soaked in 1 M HClO 4 for 48 h at room temperature.…”

Section: Effects Of Post-treatmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Because the dominant polarization in a PEM fuel cell comes from the slow cathodic oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) rather than the anodic hydrogen oxidation reaction, reducing the Pt loading (particularly in the cathode catalyst layer) without compromising fuel cell performance is an effective strategy to meet the cost requirements for fuel cell commercialization. [3][4][5] In other words, the design of novel catalysts requires not only reducing the amount of Pt used but also enhancing catalytic activity and stability. 6 In order to address these requirements, several approaches have been developed, including (i) making nanostructures to increase the surface-to-volume ratio; 7 (ii) using an alloying technique to incorporate non-precious metals into the nanostructures; and (iii) texturing nanostructures, for example, replacing the core atoms in Pt nanoparticles with a non-precious metal, resulting in a Pt-skin 8,9 or Pt monolayer on top of catalysts.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nanostructured Pt-alloy electrocatalysts for PEM fuel cell oxygen reduction reaction

et al. 2010

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In this critical review, we present the current technological advances in proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell catalysis, with a focus on strategies for developing nanostructured Pt-alloys as electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). The achievements are reviewed and the major challenges, including high cost, insufficient activity and low stability, are addressed and discussed. The nanostructured Pt-alloy catalysts can be grouped into different clusters: (i) Pt-alloy nanoparticles, (ii) Pt-alloy nanotextures such as Pt-skins/monolayers on top of base metals, and (iii) branched or anisotropic elongated Pt or Pt-alloy nanostructures. Although some Pt-alloy catalysts with advanced nanostructures have shown remarkable activity levels, the dissolution of metals, including Pt and alloyed base metals, in a fuel cell operating environment could cause catalyst degradation, and still remains an issue. Another concern may be low retention of the nanostructure of the active catalyst during fuel cell operation. To facilitate further efforts in new catalyst development, several research directions are also proposed in this paper (130 references).

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Section: Developments Of the Synthetic Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Effects Of Composition Structure and Morphology On Orr Elecmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Current Status-geometric and Compositional Strategiesmentioning

confidence: 99%