Acridine orange staining method to reveal the characteristic features of an intravascular threadlike structure

Lee, Byung-Cheon; Baik, Ku Youn; Johng, Hyeon-Min; Nam, Tae Jeong; Lee, Jawoong; Sung, Baeckkyoung; Choi, Chunho; Park, Won-Hee; Park, Eun-Sung; Park, Dae-Hun; Yoon, Yeo Sung; Soh, Kwang–Sup

doi:10.1002/ar.b.20018

Cited by 90 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Most primo-nodes were swollen in the middle section of the vessels , although in some cases they were located at the terminals of the vessels. The primo-nodes and vessels seemed to be more elastic in comparison to the adjacent connective tissues (Lee et al 2004).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 91%

A cytological observation of the fluid in the primo-nodes and vessels on the surfaces of mammalian internal organs

et al. 2010

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Abstract:We report on the preliminary cytological observation of fluid in the primo-nodes and vessels on the surfaces of the internal organs of mammals. With some microsurgical procedures, we observed many cells and microcells that spread out of the nodes on the organ surfaces of rats and rabbits. These cells generally showed the following morphologies: (1) round or oval cells, 10 µm in size, with predominantly little cytoplasm; (2) cells with nuclei that exhibited a collapsed shape; (3) binucleated cells, 20 µm in size; (4) spherical granules, ranging 0.5-2.0 µm in size (primo-microcells); and (5) aggregations of such granules. These findings on the existence of cells with diverse morphologies in the fluid of primo-nodes and vessels could be evidence supporting the hypothesis that the anatomical basis of acupuncture meridians (i.e., primo-vascular system) may be a migration channel for various kind of cells.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 91%

A cytological observation of the fluid in the primo-nodes and vessels on the surfaces of mammalian internal organs

et al. 2010

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“…The presence of the PVS was observed on the surfaces of internal organs like the liver, stomach, large intestine and bladder [4] .This subset of the PVS is called the organsurface PVS (OS-PVS). Another major subset, which has been observed, is the PVS floating in the flow of blood [5] and lymph [6] or in the cerebrospinal fluid of the brain and the spinal cord [7] .…”

Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Transformative Approach to Cancer Metastasis: Primo Vascular System as a Novel Microenvironment for Cancer Stem Cells

Yoo

Soh

2014

Cancer Cell Microenviron

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Metastasis is the principal cause of death among cancer patients. Despite intensive research with the application of genetic and molecular biology, its prevention and management remain far from satisfactory. More innovative approaches are needed. The major routes for tumor dissemination are the two circulatory systems, lymphatic vessels and blood vessels, so the metastases occurring through them are referred to as lymphatic and hematogenous metastases, respectively. Surprisingly, a new circulatory system, named the primo vascular system (PVS), which is composed of very thin primo vessels (PVs) and primo nodes (PNs), has recently emerged as a third circulatory system. Thus, a natural conjecture would be that the PVS might be associated with carcinogenesis and metastasis, and, indeed, that conjecture has been supported by strong evidence of metastasis in rodents with xenograft tumors. In fact, a study showed that migration of tumor cells to secondary sites was more efficient in the PVS than in the lymphatic system. In addition, the PVS is also a conduit for a fluid, which, according to proteomic analyses contains remarkably high levels of carbohydrate metabolic derivatives that are usually associated with stem cells, cancer cells and differentiated myeloid cells. Thus, the PVS has the potential to transport growth and communication factors between primary and secondary tumor sites, thereby enhancing the oncogenicity of tumor cells at secondary sites. Furthermore, the study of a tumor-derived PVS in murine xenografts of human histiocytic lymphoma has suggested that the PVS may provide a safe haven for a select population of cancer stem cells. These pieces of evidences for the involvement of the PVS in cancer metastasis is call for more intensive investigations of its possible role as an incubating microenvironment for tumor formation, propagation, sustenance, and relapse.

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“…His research was ignored for a long time until the year 2002 when a reinvestigation of Bong-Han theory and the PVS began. 16,17 Since then, PVS research has been steadily progressing, and the PVS has been found in various organs of mice, 18 rats, 19 rabbits, 20 pigs, 21 dogs, 22 cows, 23 and humans. 24 Innate immune cells, especially mast cells, have been found to be highly concentrated in the PVS, suggesting that it has an immune function.…”

Section: Introduction Smentioning

confidence: 99%

Hypothesis on the Treatment of Gliomas with Acupuncture at the Primo Node Corresponding toZusanli(ST 36)

Soh

2015

Medical Acupuncture

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Background: The primo vascular system (PVS) is an anatomical structure that is a network of ducts with fluid flowing in them, which are called primo vessels and correspond to acupuncture meridians, and primo nodes that correspond to acupoints. The PVS' main function is considered to be the maintenance of regenerative homeostasis in human and animal bodies. This system is distributed throughout the bodies of normal animals and develops around and in cancer tissues. This cancer-associated PVS may be a critical metastatic path besides the blood and the lymph vessels. The author of this article proposes a hypothesis on cancer treatment: Injecting anticancer drugs into acupoints according to the pharmacopuncture method can be effective as a result of the flow channels of the PVS. The author considers the acupoint Zusanli (ST 36) and the route of the primo vessels starting from it. This specific PVS route runs along the perineurium of the sciatic nerve, the pia mater, and the arachnoid mater of the spinal cord to the brain. Thus, by injecting a suitable anticancer drug into ST 36, one can deliver the drug into the brain to treat gliomas and other brain tumors. This new drug-delivery method is just one of the new clinical applications that are possible by combining acupuncture and using the PVS. Conclusions: Anticancer drugs for glioma can be injected into the primo node at the acupoint ST 36 to reach the cancer tissue through the PVS in the sciatic nerve, spine, and brain that can avoid the blood-brain barrier.

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Acridine orange staining method to reveal the characteristic features of an intravascular threadlike structure

Cited by 90 publications

References 7 publications

A cytological observation of the fluid in the primo-nodes and vessels on the surfaces of mammalian internal organs

A cytological observation of the fluid in the primo-nodes and vessels on the surfaces of mammalian internal organs

A Transformative Approach to Cancer Metastasis: Primo Vascular System as a Novel Microenvironment for Cancer Stem Cells

Hypothesis on the Treatment of Gliomas with Acupuncture at the Primo Node Corresponding toZusanli(ST 36)

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