“…The frequency spectrum of AE signals are strongly dependent on the failure modes of materials, but are almost independent of the failure size and operating pressure [23,28]. Previous studies indicated that the surface vertical cracks, sliding interface cracks, and opening interface cracks correspond to the characteristic frequency bands of 0.20-0.25 MHz, 0.25-0.32 MHz, and 0.4-0.45 MHz, respectively [16,23,28,29]. After the statistical analysis on the characteristic peak frequency of AE signals, we also found three similar frequency bands for surface vertical cracks, sliding interface cracks, and opening interface cracks (Fig.…”