Goldschmidt-Pauling contraction of the H-O polar-covalent bond elongates and polarizes the other noncovalent part of the hydrogen bond (O:H-O), that is, the O:H van der Waals bond, significantly, through the Coulomb repulsion between the electron pairs of adjacent oxygen (O-O). This process enlarges and stiffens those H2O molecules having fewer than four neighbors such as molecular clusters, hydration shells, and the surface skins of water and ice. The shortening of the H-O bond raises the local density of bonding electrons, which in turn polarizes the lone pairs of electrons on oxygen. The stiffening of the shortened H-O bond increases the magnitude of the O1s binding energy shift, causes the blue shift of the H-O phonon frequencies, and elevates the melting point of molecular clusters and ultrathin films of water, which gives rise to their elastic, hydrophobic, highly-polarized, ice-like, and low-density behavior at room temperature.

Hydrogen-bond relaxation dynamics: Resolving mysteries of water iceCoordination Chemistry Reviews: CCR-D-14-00064R4 (42 words, 412 Refs, 65 figures, 10 tables, 45 equations)  An extended tetrahedron unifies the length scale, geometry, and density of water ice  O:H-O bond cooperative relaxation stems anomalies of water and ice  Water prefers 4-coordinated mono-phase with a supersolid skin unless at nanoscale  An elastic, hydrophobic and less dense skin slipperizes ice and toughens water skin  H-bond memory and skin supersolidity resolve Mpemba effecthot water freezes faster

The specific-heat difference between the O:H van der Waals bond and the H-O polar-covalent bond and the Coulomb repulsion between electron pairs on adjacent oxygen atoms determine the angle-length-stiffness relaxation dynamics of the hydrogen bond (O:H-O), which is responsible for the density and phonon-stiffness oscillation of water ice over the full temperature range. Cooling shortens and stiffens the part of relatively lower specific-heat, and meanwhile lengthens and softens the other part of the O:H-O bond via repulsion. Length contraction/elongation of a specific part always stiffens/softens its corresponding phonon. In the liquid and in the solid phase, the O:H bond contracts more than the H-O elongates, hence, an O:H-O cooling contraction and the seemingly "regular" process of cooling densification take place. During freezing, the H-O contracts less than the O:H elongates, leading to an O:H-O elongation and volume expansion. At extremely low temperatures, the O:H-O angle stretching lowers the density slightly as the O:H and the H-O lengths change insignificantly. In ice, the O-O distance is longer than it is in water, resulting in a lower density, so that ice floats.

Uniform yolk-shell V(2)O(5) microspheres were synthesized via a facile template-free solvothermal route and subsequent calcination treatment in air. The resulting cathode materials showed a high specific capacity of 220 mA h g(-1) after 30 cycles and good rate capability.

Raman scattering has been used to study the influence of manganese, an effective dopant to obtain ZnO diluted magnetic semiconductors, on the lattice dynamics of ZnO. It is found that Mn doping increases the lattice defects and induces two Raman vibration modes of 275 and 526cm−1. On the other hand, high temperature (TC higher than 350K) ferromagnetism is observed in Zn1−xMnxO (x⩽0.02) nanoparticles. It is found that the ferromagnetism of Zn1−xMnxO nanoparticles is strongly related to defects in ZnO.