Acid-base disorders in calves with chronic diarrhea

Abstract

The aim of this study was to analyze disorders of acid-base balance in calves with chronic diarrhea caused by mixed, viral, bacterial and Cryptosporydium parvum infection. We compared results obtained with the classic model (Henderson-Hasselbalch) and strong ion approach (the Steward model). The study included 36 calves aged between 14 and 21 days. The calves were allocated to three groups: I -(control) non-diarrheic calves, group II -animals with compensated acid-base imbalance and group III calves with compensated acid-base disorders and hypoalbuminemia. Plasma concentrations of Na, P, albumin and lactate were measured. In the classic model, acid-base balance was determined on the basis of blood pH, pCO 2 , HCO 3 -, BE and anion gap. In the strong ion model, strong ion difference (SID), effective strong anion difference, total plasma concentration of nonvolatile buffers (A Tot ) and strong ion gap (SIG) were measured.The control calves and the animals from groups II and III did not differ significantly in terms of their blood pH. The plasma concentration of HCO 3 -, BE and partial pressure of CO2 in animals from the two groups with chronic diarrhea were significantly higher than those found in the controls. The highest BE (6.03 mmol/l) was documented in calves from group II. The animals from this group presented compensation resulted from activation of metabolic mechanisms. The calves with hypoalbuminemia (group III) showed lower plasma concentrations of albumin (15.37 g/L), Cl -(74.94 mmol/L), Mg 2+ (0.53 mmol/L), P (1.41 mmol/L) and higher value of anion gap (39.03 mmol/L). This group III presented significantly higher SID 3 (71.89 mmol/L), SID 7 (72.92 mmol/L) and SIG (43.53 mmol/L) values than animals from the remaining groups (P<0.01), whereas A Tot (6.82 mmol/L) were significantly lower. The main finding of the correlation study was the excellent relationship between the AG corr and SID 3 , SID 7 , SIG. In conclusion, chronic diarrhea leads to numerous water-electrolyte disorders. Characterization of acid-base disturbance in these cases suggests that classic model have some limitations. This model can not be recommended for use whenever serum albumin or phosphate concentrations are markedly abnormal.

Effects of Protein-Iron Complex Concentrate Supplementation on Iron Metabolism, Oxidative and Immune Status in Preweaning Calves

“…Infections can initiate an immune response, with concomitant production of cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) [ 46 , 48 ]. In practice, gastrointestinal infections are quite common [ 49 ]. This response is amplified by shipping stress followed by exposure to environmental pathogens.…”

Prevalence of Potential Indicators of Welfare Status in Young Calves at Meat Processing Premises in New Zealand

“…Both causes of diarrhoea may result in severe dehydration, and infectious diarrhoea might also be accompanied by feelings of general sickness, abdominal discomfort, and perianal pain [ 34 ]. In addition, infectious diarrhoea may also be associated with electrolyte imbalance and metabolic acidosis, which could cause breathlessness [ 35 , 36 ].…”

Electrolyte Concentrations and Blood Gas Values in Neonatal Calves With Diarrhea

“…Diarrhea is a major problem in calves less than one month of age and is of tremendous economic importance. Diarrhea results in electrolyte imbalance, dehydration, and metabolic acidosis [16][17][18][19][20]; however, only a few studies available have focused on acid−base balance, serum chemistries, and blood gas parameters associated with diarrhea caused by infectious agents in neonatal calves [21,22]. Unfortunately, because the information currently available for healthy young Korean native calves is not well documented, reference values for adult cattle have commonly been used to direct therapy.…”