"Accurate empathy" and the A-B dichotomy.

Beutler, Larry E.; Johnson, Dale T.; Neville, C.; Workman, Samuel N.

doi:10.1037/h0032901

Cited by 18 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Although theBeutler et al (1972) results are not entirely in accordance with the findings ofScott and Kemp (1971), methodological and criterion differences' may have been crucial.…”

mentioning

confidence: 64%

“…In either case, the use of reliability coefficients based on the number of patienttherapist pairs (as is traditionally done) rather than on the number of therapists (as suggested by Chinsky & Rappaport, 1970) is defensible on logical grounds. Some further justification for considering accurate empathy as a dyadic rather than as a therapist variable can be found in previous findings (Beutler et al, 1972) which demonstrate that A-type therapists with schizophrenic patients and B-type therapists with neurotic patients produce more empathic re-sponses than the same therapists with the opposite types of patients. 2 Hence, it may be conceded that the criticisms of accurate empathy ratings expressed by Chinsky and Rappaport (1970) would be justified given the assumption that such ratings are measuring a quality of the therapist (e.g., Truax & Carkhuff, 1967).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Procedure Shapiro (1970) has suggested that typed transcripts produce reliable ratings and may eliminate voice quality from interfering with empathy ratings as Chinsky and Rappaport (1970) suggested it might. Furthermore, Beutler, Johnson, Neville, and Workman (1972) have demonstrated that accurate empathy ratings based on typed therapy transcripts are related to other facilitative qualities of therapy, thus suggesting that such ratings have construct, if not predictive, validity. Therefore, ratings based on typed transcripts were substituted for the usual procedure of rating directly from the magnetic tape.…”

Section: Methods Subjectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Two female psychological technicians, both of whom were naive with regard to both the concept of reliability and the identity of the patients and therapists whom they rated, were trained to use the accurate empathy scale presented by Truax and Carkhuff (1967). The training procedure used in this study is explained elsewhere (Beutler et al, 1972). At the end of the training period, these two raters produced an interrater reliability of .80 as determined in the traditional manner using a Pearson product-moment correlation.…”

Section: Methods Subjectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Some sources of variance in "accurate empathy" ratings.

Beutler¹,

Johnson²,

Neville³

et al. 1973

Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology

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The initial therapy interviews of eight psychotherapists with 54 inpatients were recorded and rated on the accurate empathy scale by two raters. Estimates of the consistency of therapists from one segment to another within the same session and from one patient to the next suggested that accurate empathy may not be a stable quality of the therapist as is usually assumed, but instead may reflect a dyadic or relationship variable. Thus, the usual method of assessing the interrater reliability of the scale using the number of patient-therapist combinations rather than the number of therapists alone may be defensible in spite of recent criticisms.

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“…Although theBeutler et al (1972) results are not entirely in accordance with the findings ofScott and Kemp (1971), methodological and criterion differences' may have been crucial.…”

mentioning

confidence: 64%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methods Subjectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methods Subjectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Some sources of variance in "accurate empathy" ratings.

Beutler¹,

Johnson²,

Neville³

et al. 1973

Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…It is obvious that further research is needed to clarify how independent these scales are from one another. In light of increasing evidence that the core conditions are situation-related states rather than stable traits (Beutler, Johnson, Neville, & Workman, 1972Gurman, 1973b), the more appropriate question is under what circumstances are different scales independent. The present study attempts to clarify this question, in that three different kinds of data on these scales were inter correlated.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Interdependence of scales for the facilitative conditions: Three types of correlational data.

Barrow¹

1977

Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology

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Three types of correlations were used to examine the interrelationships of scales for therapist empathy, warmth, genuineness, self-disclosure, and immediacy. When overall therapist averages were intercorrelated for a group of IS therapists, all of the coefficients were quite high. When session scores in successive sessions with six therapist-client pairs were intercorrelated, the coefficients were more moderate and presented a different pattern. Immediacy and selfdisclosure were not significantly related to empathy and warmth for high-facilitative therapists. Different patterns of intercorrelations were obtained for different therapist-client pairs. Results suggest that use of all the facilitative scales is best justified when ongoing therapist performance is to be examined.Scales for the facilitative conditions have been shown to measure aspects important in helping relationships (Carkhuff & Berenson, 1967; Truax, 1970a; Truax & Carkhuff, 1967; Truax & Mitchell, 1971). One question that has not been fully answered is how independent these scales are from one another. The core conditions of empathy, warmth, and genuineness, developed in the context of Rogerian relationship therapy, were assumed to reflect attitudinal traits of the therapist that were related yet distinguishable from one another. Indeed, in the developmental work with scales for measuring these variables, moderate intercorrelational coefficients were obtained (Rogers, Gendlin, Kiesler, & Truax, 1967). Later, Carkhuff (1969) added scales reflecting a more active therapy strategymeasuring aspects such as immediacy of relationship, facilitative self-disclosure, and confrontation. Conceptually, these would appear to be qualitatively different and therefore This article is based, in part, on a dissertation submitted to Teachers College, Columbia University, 1971, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the EdD degree. The author thanks his advisor Winthrop Adkins, Allen Bergin, John Kinsel, and Alan Gurman, as well as colleagues at Dalhousie University, for their assistance.Requests for reprints should be sent to John Barrow,

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An ecological analysis of A-B and its relationship to field dependences

Goggin¹,

Flemenbaum²,

Anderson³

1980

J. Clin. Psychol.

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have suggested that a moratorium on A-B research deserves serious consideration. I n anticipation of this possibility, and to attem t to clarify the confusing findin s with regard to the nature of A-B and tge relationships of. A-B and Fiel! Dependence, the authors initiated this study of the ecological framework of a psychiatric ward and the role charactenstics of both staff and atients (N = 99). The results of the study sup orted the two major hypotieses that were derived from a functional rtnabsis of the demand characteristics for both patients and staff on an inpatient psychiatric unit. First, it was found that the staff scored higher on type A characteristics than on type B characteristics, and, second, it w w found that the patients scored higher on type B characteristics than on type A characteristics.This study was carried out to clarify mixed findings with regard to the nature of A-B personality types and the relationship between A-B types and Field Dependence (FD). The authors investigated A-B and F D variables by exploring the pattern of personality constructs and role characteristics of both staff and patients on a psychiatric ward of the University of Minnesota Teaching Hospital to determine whether the situational demands of a hospital setting could provide a new perspective on previously confused findings.The first article on the A-B therapist distinction was defined operationally by using a relatively small number of items on the Strong Vocational Interest Blank. On the basis of these items, it was found that A type therapists were highly successful in treating patients with schizophrenic disorders. Whitehorn and Betz (1954) and RlcNair, Callahan, and Lorr (1962) indicated that type B therapists were found to be more effective in treating neurotic patients. Beta's (1967) review of the literature supported the original findings, but since that time substantial literature has accumulated. The authors were especially interested in the role of ecology in regard to the A-B therapist distinction and how it relates to the relationship between A-B and FD.The role and nature of "ecology" in the field of psychology requires an assessment of its utility.The ecological viewpoint needs clarification. Ecology emerges as a plea for expanding our range of clinical problems, our methods, our levels of analysis, and our choice of settings in which to study. Ecology offers psychology new opportunity to use the "ecological framework" to study the nature of the A-B personality type distinction and its relative relationships to FD. An inpatient psychiatric ward would/should prove an excellent field setting to study patient, paraprofessional and professional roles within the nature of a particular ecological framework in order to understand better the nature of A-B and its relationship t o FD on a new perspective (McGurk, 1977).Although some investigators have remained convinced that the A-B variable is a viable research construct (Berzins & Suinn, 1975), other investigators have concluded that the A-B variable is not a ...

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"Accurate empathy" and the A-B dichotomy.

Cited by 18 publications

References 10 publications

Some sources of variance in "accurate empathy" ratings.

Some sources of variance in "accurate empathy" ratings.

Interdependence of scales for the facilitative conditions: Three types of correlational data.

An ecological analysis of A-B and its relationship to field dependences

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