Interest in the fate of the German psychoanalysts who had to flee Hitler's Germany and find refuge in a new nation, such as the United States, has increased. The ‘émigré research’ shows that several themes recur: (1) the theme of ‘loss’ of one's culture, homeland, language, and family; and (2) the ambiva-lent welcome these émigrés received in their new country. We describe the political-social-cultural context that existed in the United States during the 1930s, 1940s and 1950s. Documentary evidence found in the FBI files of three émigré psychoanalysts, Clara Happel, Martin Grotjahn, and Otto Fenichel, are then presented in combination with other source material. This provides a provisional impression of how each of these three individuals experienced their emigration. As such, it gives us elements of a history. The FBI documents suggest that the American atmosphere of political insecurity and fear-based ethnocentric nationalism may have reinforced their old fears of National Socialism, and contributed to their inclination to inhibit or seal off parts of them-selves and their personal histories in order to adapt to their new home and become Americanized. They abandoned the rich social, cultural, political tradition that was part of European psychoanalysis. Finally, we look at these elements of a history in order to ask a larger question about the appropriate balance between a liberal democratic government's right to protect itself from internal and external threats on the one hand, or crossover into the blatant invasion of civil rights and due process on the other.
The major objective of the present study was to determine whether or not preschool age boys had a higher activity level than girls. While it is a widely known fact that more boys than girls are referred to specialists for being hyperactive, the question of whether a sex-linked pattern of hyperactivity is observable in the general population remains unanswered. To investigate this issue, the activity levels of preschool children from a "normal" sample were measured randomly by an observation technique as they took part in a nursery school program. The results not only indicated that boys were more active than girls, but that the boy's behavioral activity was manifested in patterns that were similar in nature to those often included as part of the various definitions of hyperactivity. The implication of the results were discussed, and future research needs were delineated.
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