Accumulation characteristics and correlation analysis of five ginsenosides with different cultivation ages from different regions

Abstract

BackgroundGinseng (the roots of Panax ginseng Meyer) is a well-known traditional Oriental medicine and is now widely used as a health food. It contains several types of ginsenosides, which are considered the major active medicinal components of ginseng. It has recently been reported that the qualitative and quantitative properties of ginsenosides found in ginseng may differ, depending on cultivation regions, ages, species, and so on. Therefore, it is necessary to study these variations with respect to cultivation ages and regions.MethodsIn this study, 3–6-yr-old roots of P. ginseng were collected from three different cultivation regions. The contents of five ginsenosides (Rb1, Rd, Rc, Re, and Rgl) were measured by rapid resolution liquid chromatography coupled with quadruple–time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The Kruskal–Wallis Rank sum test and multiple t test were used for comparative analysis of the data to evaluate the dynamic changes in the accumulation of these ginsenosides affected by cultivation regions and ages.ResultsThe content and composition of ginsenosides varied significantly among specimens collected from different cultivation regions and having different cultivation ages. For all samples, the content of Rg1 and Re ginsenosides increases with age and this rate of increase is different for each sample. The contents of Rb1, Rc, and Rd varied with cultivation ages in samples from different cultivation regions; especially, Rb1 from a 6-yr-old root showed approximately twofold variation among the samples from three cultivation regions. Furthermore, the content of Rb1 highly correlated with that of Rd (r = 0.89 across all locations and ages).ConclusionIn our study, only the contents of ginsenosides Rg1 and Re were affected by the root age. Ginsenosides Rb1, Rc, and Rd varied widely with ages in samples from different cultivation regions.

Dynamic Changes in Neutral and Acidic Ginsenosides with Different Cultivation Ages and Harvest Seasons: Identification of Chemical Characteristics for Panax ginseng Quality Control

“…Chung et al [ 30 ] reported that total ginsenoside content in fresh ginseng was affected by cultivation age, whereas the effects of cultivation region were not significant for total ginsenoside level. Xiao et al [ 17 ] showed that only the ginsenoside Rg 1 and Re content increased with cultivation age of P. ginseng ; the contents of Rb 1 , Rc, and Rd varied widely with cultivation ages from different cultivation locations. Another study suggested that the contents of Rb 1 , Rc, and Rb 2 were affected by location; Re was affect by genotype; and Rg 1 and Rd were affect by both location and genotype [ 18 ].…”

“…Since the levels of ginsenosides contribute to ginseng’s bioactive properties, accurately knowing the levels of ginseng saponins and their proportions is important for the pharmacological evaluation of ginseng products. It has been shown that ginseng species, population, and geographical origin are linked to different ginsenoside contents and ratios [ 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 ]. For example, Sengupta et al [ 16 ] reported that Asian ginseng had a high Rg 1 :Rb 1 ginsenoside ratio and Rg 1 was shown to promote wound healing.…”

Genome and evolution of the shade‐requiring medicinal herb Panax ginseng

“…Therapeutic effects of P. ginseng on neurodegenerative disorders (Cho, ; Radad et al ., ), cardiovascular diseases (Zheng et al ., ), diabetes (Xie et al ., ) and cancer (Jung et al ., ; Wong et al ., ) are often attributed to unique saponins called ginsenosides, glycosylated triterpenes classified as either dammarane‐ ( Panax ‐specific) or oleanane‐type based on aglycone skeletal structure. Ginsenosides are accumulated in roots, leaves, stems, flower buds and berries, in quantities varying with tissue (Oh et al ., ; Shi et al ., ), age (Shi et al ., ; Xiao et al ., ), environment (Jiang et al ., ; Kim et al ., ) and cultivar (Lee et al ., ). Limited genomic resources and genetic populations due to slow growth (~4 years/generation), sensitivity to environmental stresses and low seed yield (40/generation) hamper developmental and genetic studies and breeding.…”

UPLC-QTOF-MS-guided isolation of anti-COPD ginsenosides from wild ginseng

“…Existing treatments such as theophylline, nortriptyline, macrolides and selective phosphatidylinositol-3kinase-d inhibitors have been reported to increase HDAC2 activity effectively. 17 As part of our continuing efforts to elucidate the chemical composition of wild ginseng furtherly and search for anti-COPD compounds from wild ginseng, a UPLC-QTOF-MS-guided fractionation procedure was performed to target ginsenosides from the anti-COPD fractions of wild ginseng, leading to the isolation of 4 previously unreported ginsenosides (1)(2)(3)(4) and ve known analogues (5)(6)(7)(8)(9). Herein, the isolation and structural elucidation of the isolated compounds as well as their anti-COPD activity on the CSE-stimulated A549 cells were discussed.…”