Dynamic Changes in Neutral and Acidic Ginsenosides with Different Cultivation Ages and Harvest Seasons: Identification of Chemical Characteristics for Panax ginseng Quality Control

Liu, Zhi; Wang, Chong‐Zhi; Zhu, Xike; Wan, Jianwei; Zhang, Jing; Li, Wei; Ruan, Chang‐Chun; Yuan, Chun‐Su

doi:10.3390/molecules22050734

Cited by 44 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…The ratio of Rg1 over Re appears to increase during the vegetation period from May to August, but was highest in the middle of October with a ratio of 1.2. However, the ratio changes were distinctively different from the reported behaviors [ 16 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 74%

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Seasonal Variation and Possible Biosynthetic Pathway of Ginsenosides in Korean Ginseng Panax ginseng Meyer

Kim

Raña

et al. 2018

Molecules

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Whereas Korean ginseng, Panax ginseng Meyer, is harvested in the fall, the variation of ginsenoside content in field-grown ginseng across seasonal development has never been investigated in Korea. Thus, ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) analysis of nine major ginsenosides, including ginsenoside Rg1, Re, Rf, Rg2, Rb1, Rc, Rb2, Rd, and Ro, in the roots of five-year-old P. ginseng cultivated in Bongwha, Korea in 2017 was performed. The total ginsenoside content changed as many as three times throughout the year, ranging from 1.37 ± 0.02 (dry wt %) in January to 4.26 ± 0.03% in May. Total ginsenoside content in the harvest season was 2.49 ± 0.03%. Seasonal variations of panaxadiol-type ginsenosides (PPD) and panaxatriol-type ginsenosides (PPT) were found to be similar, but more PPD was always measured. However, the seasonal variation of oleanolic acid-type ginsenoside, Ro, was different from that of PPD and PPT, and the highest Ro content was observed in May. The ratio of PPD/PPT, as well as other representative ginsenosides, was compared throughout the year. Moreover, the percent composition of certain ginsenosides in both PPD and PPT types was found to be in a complementary relationship each other, which possibly reflected the biosynthetic pathway of the related ginsenosides. This finding would not only provide scientific support for the production and quality control of the value-added ginseng products, but also facilitate the elucidation of the ginsenoside biosynthetic pathway.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 74%

“…Recently, the ratio of Ro and Re was suggested as a characteristic marker of ginseng ages and the ratio of Rg1 and Re was proposed as a characteristic marker of the harvest season [ 16 ]. Throughout the year, the ratio of Ro over Re was found to be around 0.5.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonal Variation and Possible Biosynthetic Pathway of Ginsenosides in Korean Ginseng Panax ginseng Meyer

Kim

Raña

et al. 2018

Molecules

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“…Many factors such as germplasm, soil, age, climate, and water source can greatly influence the growth of P. quinquefolium [ 7 ]. This may result in different chemical components in American ginseng and, thereby, diversity in its quality [ 8 , 9 ]. Heilongjiang province is located in the northeast of China, which has a unique natural climate and soil structure.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quality Analysis of American Ginseng Cultivated in Heilongjiang Using UPLC-ESI−-MRM-MS with Chemometric Methods

et al. 2018

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American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium) has long been cultivated in China for the function food and medicine. Here, ultra-high performance liquid chromatography was coupled with electrospray ionization and triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI−-TQ-MS) for simultaneous detection of 22 ginsenosides in American ginseng cultivated in Mudanjiang district of Heilongjiang. The extraction conditions also were optimized by a Box Behnken design experiment. The optimized result was 31.8 mL/g as ratio of liquid to raw materials, 20.3 min of extraction time, and 235.0 W of extraction powers. The quantitative MS parameters for these 22 compounds were rapidly optimized by single factor experiments employing UPLC-ESI−-multiple reaction monitoring or multiple ion monitoring (MRM/MIM) scans. Furthermore, the established UPLC-ESI−-MRM-MS method showed good linear relationships (R2 > 0.99), repeatability (RSD < 3.86%), precision (RSD < 2.74%), and recovery (94–104%). This method determined 22 bioactive ginsenosides in different parts of the plant (main roots, hairy roots, rhizomes, leaves, and stems) and growth years (one year to four years) of P. quinquefolium. The highest total content of the 22 analytes was in the hairy roots (1.3 × 105 µg/g) followed by rhizomes (7.1 × 104 µg/g), main roots (6.5 × 104 µg/g), leaves (4.2 × 104 µg/g), and stems (2.4 × 104 µg/g). Finally, chemometric methods, hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) and partial least squares discrimination analysis (PLS-DA), were successfully used to classify and differentiate American ginseng attributed to different growth years. The proposed UPLC-ESI−-MRM-MS coupled with HCA and PLS-DA methods was elucidated to be a simple and reliable method for quality evaluation of American ginseng.

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“…Both American ginseng and Asian ginseng produce various ginsenosides with various biological activities such as antifatigue, antioxidant, immunomodulation, antitumor, and so on [7] . Studies have reported that ginsenosides contents in these plants vary depending on light, water, soil, site, plant age, season, and so on [8] , [9] . However, the effects of temperature factors on ginsenosides in these plants had been paid more and more attention recently.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cold-induced ginsenosides accumulation is associated with the alteration in DNA methylation and relative gene expression in perennial American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) along with its plant growth and development process

Hao

Zhou

et al. 2020

Journal of Ginseng Research

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Background Ginsenosides accumulation responses to temperature are critical to quality formation in cold-dependent American ginseng. However, the studies on cold requirement mechanism relevant to ginsenosides have been limited in this species. Methods Two experiments were carried out: one was a multivariate linear regression analysis between the ginsenosides accumulation and the environmental conditions of American ginseng from different sites of China and the other was a synchronous determination of ginsenosides accumulation, overall DNA methylation, and relative gene expression in different tissues during different developmental stages of American ginseng after experiencing different cold exposure duration treatments. Results Results showed that the variation of the contents as well as the yields of total and individual ginsenosides Rg1, Re, and Rb1 in the roots were closely associated with environmental temperature conditions which implied that the cold environment plays a decisive role in the ginsenoside accumulation of American ginseng. Further results showed that there is a cyclically reversible dynamism between methylation and demethylation of DNA in the perennial American ginseng in response to temperature seasonality. And sufficient cold exposure duration in winter caused sufficient DNA demethylation in tender leaves in early spring and then accompanied the high expression of flowering gene PqFT in flowering stages and ginsenosides biosynthesis gene PqDDS in green berry stages successively, and finally, maximum ginsenosides accumulation occurred in the roots of American ginseng. Conclusion We, therefore, hypothesized that cold-induced DNA methylation changes might regulate relative gene expression involving both plant development and plant secondary metabolites in such cold-dependent perennial plant species.

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Dynamic Changes in Neutral and Acidic Ginsenosides with Different Cultivation Ages and Harvest Seasons: Identification of Chemical Characteristics for Panax ginseng Quality Control

Cited by 44 publications

References 36 publications

Seasonal Variation and Possible Biosynthetic Pathway of Ginsenosides in Korean Ginseng Panax ginseng Meyer

Seasonal Variation and Possible Biosynthetic Pathway of Ginsenosides in Korean Ginseng Panax ginseng Meyer

Quality Analysis of American Ginseng Cultivated in Heilongjiang Using UPLC-ESI−-MRM-MS with Chemometric Methods

Cold-induced ginsenosides accumulation is associated with the alteration in DNA methylation and relative gene expression in perennial American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) along with its plant growth and development process

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