Acaricidal, insecticidal, and larvicidal efficacy of fruit peel aqueous extract of Annona squamosa and its compounds against blood-feeding parasites

Abstract

Plant products may be alternative sources of parasitic control agents, since they constitute a rich source of bioactive compounds that are eco-friendly and nontoxic products. The plant extracts are good and safe alternatives due to their low toxicity to mammals and easy biodegradability. In the present study, fruit peel aqueous extract of Annona squamosa (Annonaceae) extracted by immersion method exhibited adulticidal activity against Haemaphysalis bispinosa (Acarina: Ixodidae) and the hematophagous fly, Hippobosca maculata (Diptera: Hippoboscidae), and larvicidal activity against the cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Acari: Ixodidae), Anopheles subpictus, and Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae). The chemical composition of A. squamosa fruit peel aqueous extract was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The major chemical constituent of peel aqueous extract of A. squamosa was identified as 1H- cycloprop[e]azulen-7-ol decahydro-1,1,7-trimethyl-4-methylene-[1ar-(1aα,4aα, 7β, 7 a, β, 7bα)] (28.55%) by comparison of mass spectral data and retention times. The other major constituents present in the aqueous extract were retinal 9-cis- (12.61%), 3,17-dioxo-4-androsten-11alpha-yl hydrogen succinate (6.86%), 1-naphthalenepentanol decahydro-5-(hydroxymethyl)-5,8a-dimethyl-y,2-bis(methylene)-(1α,4aβ,5α,8aα) (14.83%), 1-naphthalenemethanol decahydro -5-(5-hydroxy-3-methyl-3-pentenyl)- 1,4a-di methyl - 6-methylene -(1S-[1α, 4aα, 5α(E), 8aβ] (4.44%), (-)-spathulenol (20.75%), podocarp-7-en-3-one13β-methyl-13-vinyl- (5.98%), and 1-phenanthrene carboxaldehyde 7-ethenyl-1,2,3,4,4a,4,5,6,7,9,10,10a-dodecahydro-1,4a,7-trimethyl-[1R-(1α,4aβ.4bα,7β, 10aα)]-(5.98%). The adult and larval parasitic mortalities observed in fruit peel aqueous extract of A. squamosa were 31, 59, 80, 91, and100%; 27, 42, 66, 87, and 100%; and 33, 45, 68, 92, and 100% at the concentrations of 250, 500, 1,000, 1,500, and 2,000 ppm, respectively, against Haemaphysalis bispinosa, Hippobosca maculata, and R. microplus. The observed larvicidal efficacies were 36, 55, 72, 92, 100% and 14, 34, 68, 89, and 100% at 200, 400, 600, 800, and 1,000 ppm, respectively, against A. subpictus and C. quinquefasciatus. The highest parasite mortality was found after 24 h of exposure against Haemaphysalis bispinosa (LC(50) = 404.51 ppm, r (2) = 0.890), Hippobosca maculata (LC(50) = 600.75 ppm, r (2) = 0.983), the larvae of R. microplus (LC(50) = 548.28 ppm, r (2) = 0.975), fourth-instar larvae of A. subpictus (LC(50) = 327.27 pm, r (2) = 0.970), and C. quinquefasciatus (LC(50) = 456.29 ppm, r (2) = 0.974), respectively. The control (distilled water) showed nil mortality in the concurrent assay. The χ (2) values were significant at p < 0.05 level. Therefore, the eco-friendly and biodegradable compounds from fruit peel aqueous extract of A. squamosa may be an alternative to conventional synthetic chemicals, particularly in integrated approach for the control of Haemaphysalis bispinosa, Hippobosca maculata, R. microplus, and the medically importan...

Evaluation of Pistia stratiotes fractions as effective larvicide against Anopheles mosquitoes

“…Also, flavonoids, extracted from Poncirus trifoliate i.e. rhoifolin, provided maximum of 365 þ 12.0 min protection and also 100.0% þ 0.00 repellency against mosquito bites [40]. It is also possible that toxicity of the fractions from the plant might arise through odour.…”

“…Perhaps, this may partly be the reason why some shrimps prefer to associate with the plant in their sea environment [45]. Additionally, an investigation carried out on the toxicity of extracts of P. stratiotes in rats has shown adverse effects but no lethality was recorded [40]. The GC-MS analysis of fraction E of ethyl acetate extract of P. stratiotes leaves revealed the presence of 35 compounds (Table 3).…”

Effect of acaricidal compound extracted from Arachis hypogaea Linn against Tetranychus cinnabarinus

“…Natural active compounds have long been considered a promising alternative approach for pest control because they provide more advantages than synthetic chemicals, such as low toxicity towards fish, birds and mammals, and are friendlier to our environment (Ding, Ding, Zhang, & Luo, 2013;Madhumitha et al, 2012). These compounds extracted from plants have attracted great attention from researchers because of their insecticidal and fungicidal activities, and much work has been focused on the use of active components or natural compounds from plant resources to develop new kinds of insecticides, bactericides and herbicides (Chen, Bertrand, Dai, & Yuan, 2017).…”

Study of binding interaction between anthelmintic 2, 3-dihydroquinazolin-4-ones with bovine serum albumin by spectroscopic methods

“…1]. In the chemistry era, the various forms of catalysts [15][16][17][18] and numerous diseases [19][20][21][22][23][24][25] have been discussed. Even though the synthesis of novel moieties in quinazolinones were reported already [26] the explorations of new synthetic methodologies [27][28][29] have created this nucleus still a budding one.…”