“…Hence, the direct input of CoDEA is the value of severity that represents the operation risk of each node. For the direct output of all nodes in CoDEA, when the traditional DEA model is used solely from the risk assessment perspective, the DEA model without the outputs, or constant outputs equals to one is usually applied ( Barnum, Johnson, & Gleason, 2016 ; Chang & Paul Sun, 2009 ; Garcia, Leal Junior, & Oliveira, 2012 ; Rezaee, Yousefi, Eshkevari, Valipour, & Saberi, 2020 ). However, some studies applied other alternative output values, e.g., cost and duration of treatment which are considered as two extra undesirable outputs ( Yousefia, Alizadeha, Hayatia, & Baghery, 2018 ).…”