A triple-layer steganography scheme for low bit-rate speech streams

Yan, Shufan; Tang, Guangming; Sun, Yi; Gao, Zhanzhan; Shen, Liuqing

doi:10.1007/s11042-014-2265-y

Cited by 16 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 10 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The detection results are presented in Table 8 that compares different frame lengths with the results of the method proposed in [48] that also employs MFCC feature for steganalysis. In case of dependent transmission with MN = 3, accuracy of the secret speech files is around 54.905%, which is considered as the worse distortion case in our scheme.…”

Section: Steganalysis Of Rlpfs Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The method in [48], which has the average detection accuracy of 51.96% (with the maximum value of 56.42% and the minimum value of 48.26%), may also avoid being detected at all different detection window lengths, but the embedding bit rate is very low (

166.6

bps or 5% per frame) compared with the proposed RLPFS method which attains 266.64 bps (11.11% per frame).…”

Section: Steganalysis Of Rlpfs Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Pitch and Fourier magnitude based steganography for hiding 2.4 kbps MELP bitstream

Kheddar

Bouzid

Megías

2019

IET signal process.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In this study, the authors present a new steganographic technique called random least significant bits of pitch and Fourier magnitude steganography (RLPFS). It is based on hiding a secret speech coded by mixed excitation linear prediction (MELP) speech coder in speech bitstream (cover signal), which is also encoded by MELP coder. First, the RLPFS leaks the hidden speech in the following modes: pitch‐based steganography, Fourier magnitude‐based steganography or both. These modes are selected randomly. Second, during transmission, the stego speech, the mode number, and the number of embedded bits would be transmitted either through a covert channel created in the transmission protocol or through the cover speech. In this work, the authors have dealt with the challenge of embedding a secret speech into a cover speech coded by a very low bit rate speech coder while maintaining a reasonable level of speech quality. They have shown that RLPFS was able to create hidden channels with maximum steganographic bandwidths up to 266.64 bit/s at the cost of a steganographic noise between 0.031 and 0.62 mean opinion score. Also, this study takes into account the security of the parameters, the synchronisation of the receiver to deal with a packet loss during transmission and the resistance of the proposed method against steganalysis.

show abstract

Section: Steganalysis Of Rlpfs Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

166.6

bps or 5% per frame) compared with the proposed RLPFS method which attains 266.64 bps (11.11% per frame).…”

Section: Steganalysis Of Rlpfs Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pitch and Fourier magnitude based steganography for hiding 2.4 kbps MELP bitstream

Kheddar

Bouzid

Megías

2019

IET signal process.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The works in [90][91][92] consider the parameters of the fixed codebook in G.792 as the least significant parts of a speech frame and apply LSB substitution into the related positions in the codebook. The work in [93] considers parameters of the adaptive-codebook delay and the second stage higher vector of linear spectrum pair quantizer as the least important parts of each speech frame. An LSB embedding method using three-layer modification in these two parameters is designed for low bit rate speech streams.…”

Section: Coded Domainmentioning

confidence: 99%

LSB Data Hiding in Digital Media: A Survey

Tran¹,

Zepernick²,

Chu³

2022

EAI Endorsed Transactions on Industrial Networks and Intelligen

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Data hiding or information hiding is a prominent class of information security that aims at reliably conveying secret data embedded in a cover object over a covert channel. Digital media such as audio, image, video, and three-dimensional (3D) media can act as cover objects to carry such secret data. Digital media security has acquired tremendous significance in recent years and will be even more important with the development and delivery of new digital media over digital communication networks. In particular, least significant bit (LSB) data hiding is easy to implement and to combine with other hiding techniques, offers high embedding capacity for data, can resist steganalysis and several types of attacks, and is well suited for real-time applications. This article provides a comprehensive survey on LSB data hiding in digital media. The fundamental concepts and terminologies used in data hiding are reviewed along with a general data hiding model. The five attributes of data hiding, i.e., capacity, imperceptibility, robustness, detectability, and security, and the related performance metrics used in this survey to compare the characteristics of the different LSB data hiding methods are discussed. Given the classification of data hiding methods with respect to audio, image, video, and 3D media, a comprehensive survey of LSB data hiding for each of these four digital media is provided. In particular, landmark studies, state-of-the-art approaches, and applications of LSB data hiding are described for each of the four digital media. Their performance is compared with respect to the data hiding attributes which illustrates benefits and drawbacks of the reviewed LSB data hiding methods. The article concludes with summarizing main findings and suggesting directions for future research. This survey will be helpful for researchers and practitioners to keep abreast about the potential of LSB data hiding in digital media and to develop novel applications based on suitable performance trade-offs between data hiding attributes.

show abstract

“…Wu et al [15] selected 25 bits in the compressed speech streams based on PESQ, and improved the embedding capacity by combining matrix coding and interleaving technique. Yan et al [16] selected the pitch delay codeword of the second speech subframe to embed secret information based on SNR, and used matrix encoding twice on the basis of "Hamming+1" to increase the embedding capacity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Steganalysis of Compressed Speech Based on Association Rule Mining

Gao

Jie

2022

IEEE Access

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Currently, steganography based on compressed speech streams is gathering more and more attention. Meanwhile, it poses a huge threat to cyber security. As a counter technique, steganalysis can detect whether an illegal secret message is embedded in a compressed speech. To further improve the detection performance of current methods, a novel steganalysis method based on codeword association rule mining (CARM) is proposed in this paper. Firstly, we analyzed the spatiotemporal relationships between codewords in compressed speech. Secondly, the steganography-sensitivity codeword association rule base in training set was built based on the confidence change of codeword association rules before and after steganography. Thirdly, the steganography characteristic index and the corresponding dynamic partition threshold in validation set were computed to determine whether the compressed speech segment contains covert communication or not. Finally, comprehensive experiments were conducted to evaluate the performance of the proposed CARM steganalysis method under various conditions, including different association rule patterns, whether to use dynamic partition threshold, different embedding rates, different speech lengths, etc. The experimental results verify that CARM can achieve better performance than the comparison methods. In addition, the detection accuracy of CARM method can be improved significantly by using dynamic partition threshold at low embedding rates.

show abstract

A triple-layer steganography scheme for low bit-rate speech streams

Cited by 16 publications

References 10 publications

Pitch and Fourier magnitude based steganography for hiding 2.4 kbps MELP bitstream

Pitch and Fourier magnitude based steganography for hiding 2.4 kbps MELP bitstream

LSB Data Hiding in Digital Media: A Survey

Steganalysis of Compressed Speech Based on Association Rule Mining

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About