A transmission electron microscope study of deep-sea manganese nodules

Heimendahl, Manfred von; Hubred, G.L.; Fuerstenau, D.W.; Thomas, G.

doi:10.1016/0011-7471(76)90809-3

Cited by 8 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…of the current knowledge of the iron oxide mineralogy of nodules and the suggested iron oxide minerals present in nodules have been made by GLASBY '(1972a), CRERAR and BARNES (1974), HALBACH et al (1975), CHUKROV et al (1975CHUKROV et al ( , 1976, EiSSA et al (1976), VON HEIMENDAHL et al (1976), XAVIER (1976), BURNS and BURNS (1977) and CHUKROV (in press), and in seawater by KESTER and BYRNE (1972),. KESTER et al (1975a, b) and KESTER (1976a, 1976b).…”

Section: Summariesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The secondary iron oxidehydroxide mineralogy of some deep-sea and fossil manganese nodules: A Moessbauer and X-ray study.

Johnston

Glasby

1978

Geochem. J.

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Mossbauer spectroscopy utilizing precise computer-based curve fitting procedures and X-ray diffrac tion methods have been used to study four deep-sea and one fossil marine manganese nodule. They have shown that X-ray amorphous goethite (a-FeOOH) and probably akaganeite (P-FeOOH) are the secondary iron oxidehydroxide phases present in the deep-sea nodules. The fossil nodule contained goethite with a larger particle size (approx. 350A) which had presumably been formed by the recrystallization of X-ray amorphous goethite and/or the alteration of the metastable akaganeite.

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Section: Summariesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The secondary iron oxidehydroxide mineralogy of some deep-sea and fossil manganese nodules: A Moessbauer and X-ray study.

Johnston

Glasby

1978

Geochem. J.

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“…Particle sizes have been reported both for manganese bearing and iron bearing phases. 52 Different populations of manganese bearing particles seem to occur: small ones about 0?1 to 0?3 mm in size and large ones up to 10 mm in size. The iron bearing particles have been identified as ferric hydroxide ranging from 30 to 60 A ˚, but in some cases, larger particles 100 to 450 A ˚in diameter were observed in clusters.…”

Section: Phase Stability Reactivity and Phase Enrichmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metals and materials from deep sea nodules: an outlook for the future

Sen

2010

International Materials Reviews

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The global data on manganese reserves apparently indicate that there is no resource crunch. However, a large part of the terrestrial deposits (80%) do not meet the grade requirement for efficient production of high quality ferroalloys required for steel making. The marine mineral deposits, which have attracted the greatest interest as alternative exploitable source for this element, are the deep-sea manganese nodules. If efficient schemes for manganese recovery values are put in place, the marine deposits would rather be classified as manganese ores which would have remarkable advantages over terrestrial low grade deposits because of by product recovery of copper, nickel and cobalt. Specific processing schemes for production of manganese alloys and compounds are critically discussed in this overview. The production of high purity Cu, Ni and Co using solvent extraction has also been reviewed. Optimisation approaches for sea nodules processing schemes have been analysed. Various other potential applications of sea nodules have been brought out. The possibility of integration of the processing schemes with land based production processes are likely to render sea nodules as useful alternative sources for metals and other value added materials of the future.

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“…In general, nodules are composed of different Mn-oxides and Fe-(oxy)hydroxides with small particle sizes (<0.01 µm). Moreover, the particles are intergrown with each other on a very fine scale through the whole nodule (nm-µm) [17][18][19], which makes the metallurgical treatment challenging and conventional beneficiation methods inapplicable.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal Pre-Treatment of Polymetallic Nodules to Create Metal (Ni, Cu, Co)-Rich Individual Particles for Further Processing

et al. 2018

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Polymetallic nodules are a potential source of industrially demanded metals such as Ni, Co, Cu, and Mo (up to 3 wt %). Even if there is no deep-sea mining of manganese nodules today, a forecasted gap between metal demand and supply as well as continuously high metal prices may make seabed mining economically viable in the future. Up to now, a well-established industrial-scale extraction method for manganese nodules has been missing. Therefore, the aim of this study is to explore how economically interesting metals can be extracted from the nodules in a cost- and energy-efficient way. Polymetallic nodules have a heterogeneous chemical and structural composition without individual metal-rich particles. The economically interesting metals are distributed between different mineral phases (Mn-Fe-(oxy)hydroxides) as well as different growth structures that are intergrown with each other on a nm‒µm scale. Because of that a typical ore processing with the beneficiation of valuable particles is not feasible. The process presented here starts with a pyro-metallurgical pre-treatment of the polymetallic nodules, with the aim of creating artificial metal-rich (Ni, Cu, Co, Mo) particles with enrichment factors up to 10 compared to the original average metal contents. Afterwards, these particles should be beneficiated by conventional mineral processing steps to create a concentrate while reducing the mass stream in the process. The resulting metal particles can be further treated in conventional hydrometallurgical and/or pyro-metallurgical processes.

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A transmission electron microscope study of deep-sea manganese nodules

Cited by 8 publications

References 25 publications

The secondary iron oxidehydroxide mineralogy of some deep-sea and fossil manganese nodules: A Moessbauer and X-ray study.

The secondary iron oxidehydroxide mineralogy of some deep-sea and fossil manganese nodules: A Moessbauer and X-ray study.

Metals and materials from deep sea nodules: an outlook for the future

Thermal Pre-Treatment of Polymetallic Nodules to Create Metal (Ni, Cu, Co)-Rich Individual Particles for Further Processing

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