A systematic survey of advances in retinal imaging modalities for Alzheimer’s disease diagnosis

Vij, Richa; Arora, Sakshi

doi:10.1007/s11011-022-00927-4

Cited by 8 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 161 publications

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“…The retina is part of the CNS and enables the visualization and assessment of neurological disease progression through non-invasive imaging ( Zhang et al, 2021 ). Pathological changes occur in the retina in neurodegenerative diseases, and these can be examined using traditional ophthalmic imaging approaches including optical coherence tomography (OCT) and confocal laser scanning ophthalmoscopy (cSLO) ( Koronyo et al, 2017 ; Vij and Arora, 2022 ; Vujosevic et al, 2023 ). OCT generates cross-sectional images (typically 4–7 μm axial resolution, 15–20 μm transverse resolution) of the retina by detecting light reflection from the different tissue layers and enables assessment of retinal layer thickness ( Bajwa et al, 2015 ).…”

Section: Non-invasive Approaches For In Vivo Micro...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-invasive in vivo imaging of brain and retinal microglia in neurodegenerative diseases

Etebar,

Harkin,

White

et al. 2024

Front. Cell. Neurosci.

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Microglia play crucial roles in immune responses and contribute to fundamental biological processes within the central nervous system (CNS). In neurodegenerative diseases, microglia undergo functional changes and can have both protective and pathogenic roles. Microglia in the retina, as an extension of the CNS, have also been shown to be affected in many neurological diseases. While our understanding of how microglia contribute to pathological conditions is incomplete, non-invasive in vivo imaging of brain and retinal microglia in living subjects could provide valuable insights into their role in the neurodegenerative diseases and open new avenues for diagnostic biomarkers. This mini-review provides an overview of the current brain and retinal imaging tools for studying microglia in vivo. We focus on microglia targets, the advantages and limitations of in vivo microglia imaging approaches, and applications for evaluating the pathogenesis of neurological conditions, such as Alzheimer’s disease and multiple sclerosis.

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Section: Non-invasive Approaches For In Vivo Micro...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-invasive in vivo imaging of brain and retinal microglia in neurodegenerative diseases

Etebar,

Harkin,

White

et al. 2024

Front. Cell. Neurosci.

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“…Retinal imaging could assume a highly important predictive role for patients with mild cognitive impairment, of which only a fraction will eventually develop AD [ 66 ]. This is due to the retina sharing many similarities with the brain and its ability to provide early signs of AD-related changes.…”

Section: Retina Photo-based Ai In Non-ophthalmic Disordersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Retina Fundus Photograph-Based Artificial Intelligence Algorithms in Medicine: A Systematic Review

Grzybowski,

Jin,

Zhou

et al. 2024

Ophthalmol Ther

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We conducted a systematic review of research in artificial intelligence (AI) for retinal fundus photographic images. We highlighted the use of various AI algorithms, including deep learning (DL) models, for application in ophthalmic and non-ophthalmic (i.e., systemic) disorders. We found that the use of AI algorithms for the interpretation of retinal images, compared to clinical data and physician experts, represents an innovative solution with demonstrated superior accuracy in identifying many ophthalmic (e.g., diabetic retinopathy (DR), age-related macular degeneration (AMD), optic nerve disorders), and non-ophthalmic disorders (e.g., dementia, cardiovascular disease). There has been a significant amount of clinical and imaging data for this research, leading to the potential incorporation of AI and DL for automated analysis. AI has the potential to transform healthcare by improving accuracy, speed, and workflow, lowering cost, increasing access, reducing mistakes, and transforming healthcare worker education and training.

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“…The application of OCTA to neurological disorders has been widely documented and has been suggested to reflect cerebral microvascular dysfunction and a surrogate indicator of microvascular impairment in most neurological disorders [ 13 ]. OCTA studies have shown decreased microvascular density, reduced fractal dimension, and decreased perfusion in dementia compared to controls [ 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 ]; importantly, studies [ 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 ] have shown microvascular changes during mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia compared with controls. Although retinal structural changes have been suggested to be linked with cerebral atrophy in dementia, very little is known about the association between radiological indicators of dementia and microvasculature.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microvascular Changes in the Retina Correlate with MRI Markers in Patients with Early-Onset Dementia

et al. 2022

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Recent reports suggest that results from imaging retinal microvascular changes with optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) in dementia patients reflect cerebral microcirculation changes that occur during dementia. Macula microvascular impairment has been shown in dementia patients compared to controls, but very little is known about its correlation with radiological visual rating scores associated with dementia. We aimed to explore the association between retinal microvasculature and radiological visual rating in early-onset dementia (EOD) patients. Methods: Swept-source OCTA (SS-OCTA) was used to image the retinal microvasculature of all EOD patients. Automated software in the OCTA tool segmented and measured the densities in the superficial vascular plexus (SVC) and deep vascular plexus (DVC) and foveal avascular zone (FAZ) areas. Radiological visual rating scores were evaluated on all MR images. Results: Medial temporal lobe atrophy (MTA) scores significantly correlated with FAZ area (p = 0.031) in EOD patients after adjusting for risk factors. PWMH correlated with SVC (p = 0.032) while DWMH significantly correlated with SVC (p = 0.007), DVC (p = 0.018) and FAZ (p = 0.001) in EOD patients. Discussion: FAZ changes correlated with MTA scores in EOD patients, while retinal microvasculature correlated with white matter hyperintensity. Our report suggests that microvascular changes in the retina may reflect cortical changes in the brain of EOD patients.

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A systematic survey of advances in retinal imaging modalities for Alzheimer’s disease diagnosis

Cited by 8 publications

References 161 publications

Non-invasive in vivo imaging of brain and retinal microglia in neurodegenerative diseases

Non-invasive in vivo imaging of brain and retinal microglia in neurodegenerative diseases

Retina Fundus Photograph-Based Artificial Intelligence Algorithms in Medicine: A Systematic Review

Microvascular Changes in the Retina Correlate with MRI Markers in Patients with Early-Onset Dementia

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